A Common Misconception Of Fossil Fuels - 1317 Words

Intro Although there is a common misconception that fossil fuels will cause pollution, mankind should rely on fossil fuels for energy not only because they are cheap and plentiful, but also because alternative energy is very unreliable. Coal $0.10 Natural Gas $0.07 Nuclear $0.095 Wind $0.20 Solar PV $0.125 Solar Thermal $0.24 Fossil Fuels are cheap and plentiful. Coal costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour compared to the 12 cents to 24 cents of solar panels. Natural gas costs 7 cents per kilowatt hour while nuclear costs 10 cents and wind costs 20 cents. Also, it is estimated that the Earth s reserves of fossil fuels will last for another 300 years. As the fossil fuels become harder to find, they†¦show more content†¦As it is not possible to produce energy in such conditions, we might have to reduce our energy consumption. In fact, even if many of them are adopted, in some areas the predicted ongoing climate change could make them inoperable within 50 years. Unable to produce large quantities Unlike coal powered electric plants that produce abundant supply of power, renewable sources can’t produce that much of energy in short span of time. The technology that is used in producing energy is new and major other factors like weather play spoilsport that hamper the production of energy on large scale. This simply means that either we have to reduce our energy consumption or set up new facilities that could produce energy at a faster rate. Not available in all places One of the major cons of many of the renewable energy plans is that the raw material – solar intensity, wind or water, is not available in all locations. That mean you will still have to create an infrastructure for transporting the energy that may not be better than what is already in place. Takes a lot of space Another cons of renewable energy is that to produce large amount of energy, large amount of solar panels and wind farms have to be set up. For this, large areas of land is needed to produce such massive amount of energy on large scale. There are many misconceptions about fossil fuels. One misconception is pollution Fossil fuels supply 85% of our energy—the energy that makes theShow MoreRelatedNuclear Power And Nuclear Energy1637 Words   |  7 Pagesotherwise. Nuclear energy is often treated as a taboo subject due to misconceptions throughout history by the public, but in actuality, nuclear energy is relatively safe, when practiced correctly. Nuclear energy is a process in which atoms are split, producing heat, which boils water. The steam then turns a turbine to produce electricity. While fission is involved in nuclear bombs, the process in each are both different. The ‘fuel’ used for this process is Uranium-235, an isotope of uranium. NuclearRead MoreCivic Engagement: Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy1631 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies have been set into motion by both governmental parties and are currently trying to authorize programs that will engender economical energy efficiency by agreeably relying on renewable energy rather than fossil fuels. There are many advantag es and disadvantages to converting to fossil fuels but whether you agree or not, renewable energy is the future of the United States. Energy production is vital to the United States. The United States current main reliance for energy is importing oil and otherRead MoreNuclear Power And Its Effects On The World1610 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the disruption of ecosystems, the dying of species, and the destruction of earth’s atmosphere. The creation of increased greenhouse gases caused by heavy reliance on fossil fuel energy has disrupted Earth’s equilibrium. 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Unfortunately, one of the most important reasons for relying on non renewable energy, is often forgotten and taken for granted. The limitless energy that is produced naturally is so common place in everyday life, that few think about it’s practical uses. The ever present sun is a necessity for human life but it can also produce around 6,500 TWs of energy annually. According to Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi of Stanford and theRead MoreNuclear Power: Energy for the Future Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesNuclear power is a technology synonymous with extirpate, radiation, health issues, and instability, but also mass energy production. Nuclear power has many common misconceptions, like these, and is often seen as a large risk. But rest assured nuclear power is the cleanest most immaculate way to power our growing nation, despite skepticism about safety concerns. Nuclear power is a way of harnessing the great power released by a nuclear fission reaction. Nuclear fission is, â€Å"an extremely complexRead MoreNuclear Energy : The Future Of Power1330 Words   |  6 Pagesenergy production causes its surroundings to wither away into a radioactive wasteland, nuclear energy actually has a very minimal impact on the environment around it. Unlike fossil fuel plants, nuclear power plants do not directly emit harmful greenhouse gases, as they generate heat from splitting atoms instead of burning fuel (Biron NP). Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. These gases corrupt the earth’s air by trapping the hot air we receive from the sun,Read MoreThe World Is On The Verge Of A Crisis1691 Words   |  7 Pagessupply of Uranium will run out in the near future. According to the World Nuclear Association, Uranium is a common element and can be found in rocks and seawater. Many people assume that the Uranium suppl y on Earth is very limited, but that is a misconception. Additionally we can also use depleted Uranium that we re-enrich, or recycled Uranium and Plutonium. Also, instead of using Uranium as the fuel for nuclear reactions we can also use an isotope of Thorium as well. First, much like coal or otherRead MoreEnergy Runs Our Lives1122 Words   |  4 Pagesemissions by fuel combustion have increased nearly two fold from 15,367 million tonnes in 1973 to 30,326 million tonnes in 2010! These figures reflect a very disturbing bottleneck for sustainable development to ensue. It is bad enough that our deeds have led to such evil repercussions. But it is even worse if we pass on the same energy -starved, pollution - ridden world to our progeny. This should be an eye-opener for every responsible human being. Doing away with coal and fossil fuel usage wouldRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of The United States891 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent studies show that approximately 3 million premature deaths occur annually due to miniscule particles that invade the lungs resulting in both respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. (Harvey). Nonetheless, massive industries continue to burn fossil fuels and other harmful chemicals – the millions of health problems and even deaths fail to urge any major effort to reduce air borne pollutants. By also poisoning the land and eventually our crops and food, this problem into which we dig ourselves

Isis Terrorism and Richest Terrorist Group Free Essays

ISIS is the biggest terrorist army in history. It has caught people’s attention all around the world and needs to be stopped immediately. Published by the Boston Herald, scholars Steven Buck,James Philips, Charlotte Florence, Hell Dale and Peter Brooked met up to make an article about the ISIS. We will write a custom essay sample on Isis: Terrorism and Richest Terrorist Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"ISIS Is a clear, present danger. † Before reading this article I had never discovered SIS’S. I never would’ve thought that a terrorist group could cause so much sadness and hate. I didn’t know that terrorists could form an army and just decide to destroy people. When they say convert, Join us, or die,† they not only mean it, but they will follow through with terrible effect. I never watch the news or read the newspaper so I didn’t get the chance to hear about ISIS until now. It is absolutely sickening how people in this world can be. Now after reading this article, I learned a lot about ISIS. I learned that ISIS became a huge success so quickly. They even use social media to advertise themselves as a killing group. Their Youth and Twitter page show that the West Is their target. The ISIS Is rising to the top to the point where the terrorist group, al- Qaeda, want to come together with SIS’S. The al-Qaeda control no territory and Is dependent on Afghan and Pakistani and Salamis militants. The leaked is forced to live a clandestine existence under the constant threat of drone strikes; while everyone in the world know about ISIS and how they harm people. The leader of ISIS, ABA-Baker al-Baghdad, is a charismatic leader who claims descent from the Prophet Mohammed. He has much more personal appeal for young Muslim militants than al- Qaeda leader Amman al-Chair. Most people are aware that terrorist groups control almost everything. ISIS lone controls electricity, extortion racket, and exports OLL and gas. â€Å"ISIS Is the richest terrorist group In history,† as stated In the article. ISIS robs banks, controls OLL fields, and pockets a huge amount of money from ransoms. Robbing Mogul’s central bank yielded more than $400 million in gold and Iraq currency. It controls oil fields in Syria and Iraq that generate income. How can people who were once so low in the world now be a group of terrorists who are an unstoppable army? Their army controls the size of Maryland! ISIS is the most heavily-armed Salamis extremist group in history. They captured huge amounts of military weapons and equipment in Iraq and Syria. It is easier to travel across the border of Iraq and Syria than it is to travel to Pakistan or Afghanistan. The amount of disrespect this group has caused is disgusting. They should be embarrassed, not happy about it. After watching a video and looking up more Information I feel sick. ISIS needs to be stopped. In conclusion, after reading and watching the news about ISIS, all I have to say Is how sickening and heartless how people can be In this world. ISIS Is not Just a error group, it is an unstoppable army. ISIS attracts recruits from the Middle East, understand how much pain they’re causing others? Don’t they realize whoever they just killed belong to a family? I hope sometime in the near future this group stops and realizes what they are doing is hurting others. Everyone needs to be at peace and go back to their country. If their group is so â€Å"religious† as Eve heard, what makes them want to harm others for no reason? This all needs to end soon. They need to get bad karma and rot in hell. My source for this essay is the Boston Herald. How to cite Isis: Terrorism and Richest Terrorist Group, Papers

Neoclassical Art Movement Essay Example For Students

Neoclassical Art Movement Essay During the age of Neoclassicism, people were beginning to identify with the values of Greek and Roman heroes, along with their nobility, self-sacrifice, and their moral virtues. In Neoclassical art featuring women, many of the pieces portrayed women as devoted to their family and state, According to Assayer (2010), Neoclassicism was highly favored by France during the rise of Napoleon. Napoleons government was modeled Roman precedents, He was responsible tort establishing a centralized government and a uniformed legal system. In the painting, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Utilities, y Jacques Louis David, it portrays Napoleon as a soldier and emperor (National Gallery of Art, 201 0), Napoleons stance in the painting shows power, and self- confidence. When Napoleon was crowned Emperor, Neoclassical art was used to legitimate his empire Artist Jean-Augusta-Dominique Ingress Vass known for creating neoclassical art with a looser interpretation. Of Ingress work, such as the Grandee Odalisque, was with women posing in a similar form to Greek nude women. Neoclassicism even influenced early U. S. Presidents, such as Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson utilized the democratic ideals from the Greek, creating a sense of order and harmony, as well as measure and proportion (Assayer, 2010). While Neoclassicism focused on heroic characteristics, another period enjoyed the life of leisure. The paintings during the Impressionism era have the feel of sketches, almost as though the paintings were created in the form of photographs. The subject matter of Impressionists set them apart from previous eras, as well as their technique. Impressionists were less concerned about social criticism and were more focused in pieces featuring the pleasures of fife, or images of leisure (Assayer, 2010). Artists characterized Impressionism as a way of seeing by capturing effects of light with paint applied in quick. But small strokes of color. Impressionists painted elite in the Paris cafes and theatres, as well as the boulevards. One of the best examples of leisurely life in paintings is Luncheon to the Boating Party, by Pierre Augusta Renoir. This piece captures Rennins friends enjoying food, wine, and each others company, The painting also reflects how the French society was changing during the mid-to late 19th century. The French society was becoming more welcoming to people of many classes, creating a new sense of diversity (Phillips Collection, 2010). One period of art was more reflective on the artists own gestures and styles. This period was called Abstract Expressionism. Many leading European artists immigrated to the united States due to the poor conditions in Europe caused by the great Depressions and World War II. Soon after avgas the development of the Abstract Expressionism movement. Abstract Expressionism featured artists Who were dedicated to their win creativity and expression of art (Assayer, 2010). Jackson Pollack was heavily influenced by automatism, or direct expression Of the self. Pollock created the large scale of surfaces with no place on the canvas for the viewers eyes to rest. The paintings created such energy and movement, Pollacks method was labeled as Action Painting (Assayer, 2010). In Pollocks painting, Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), his technique was pouring, or dripping paint onto the canvas. His creative method was considered to be unorthodox, as his method consisted of painting n a canvas laid flat on a floor (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). When Pollock began his method of pouring paintings, many people in the art world were shocked. The influence that Jackson Pollock left on the development to Abstract Expressionism was quite large. As one can see, Neoclassicism, Impressionism, and Abstract Expressionism left an extraordinary impact on the art world. While each period was different in their techniques of painting, all three were important in forming the world of art to what it is today.

The Difference Between Search Engine Optimization and Search Engine Manipulation

Anyone with an online business understands the importance of search engine rankings and that the best way to boost your ranking is to use search engine optimization (SEO) tactics. While you’re probably familiar with the idea of SEO, you may be hearing more and more about another, more worrisome, concept: search engine manipulation. Unfortunately, these two terms are sometimes confused and can make some reluctant to use any tactics to boost their ranking because they don’t want to risk being penalized by Google. But there is no reason to abandon SEO for your website. So, let’s clear up any confusion and separate myth from the real story. Optimization vs. Manipulation Search engine optimization can be defined as â€Å"the legitimatemarketing practice of building web pages that get more visitor referrals from search engines.† This set of accepted, white-hat practices includes: Researching common keyword phrases used to search for your products or services Writing optimized content Improving a website’s technology so that it performs better for users Adhering to these best practices won’t just bring more traffic to your website, it will also improve the quality of that traffic. Good SEO helps people find what they’re looking for and that leads to more sales and a better reputation for your business. Search engine manipulation, on the other hand, is the darker side of SEO. It involves tactics that add nothing to the user experience and frequently make it worse. Manipulative tactics include: Keyword stuffing Creating huge numbers of poor-quality pages Building artificial link networks Creating misleading web pages that appear differently to search engines and users SEO best practices and black-hat manipulation techniques seem to be worlds apart, so what’s all the confusion about? In real life, the differences between these two sets of tactics aren’t always so clear-cut. Let’s take keywords as an example. Used in moderation, keywords can be a powerful way to optimize your content so that the right users find your website. However, keyword stuffing is nothing more than a manipulative technique that ends up turning people away. Where’s the line drawn between optimizing with keywords and stuffing them? The fear of a possible Google penalty also fuels the confusion. Black-hat SEO has existed since the advent of search engines, but the definition of â€Å"search engine manipulation† has become a hot topic more recently due to a lawsuit involving Google. The suit was filed by e-ventures Worldwide, a company which has had multiple sites banned by Google and is now seeking damages. One document in the lawsuit includes a declaration by Brandon Falls, a search-quality analyst for Google. Falls makes a couple of statements that leave ample room for interpretation: â€Å"An important part of providing valuable search results to users is Google’s protection of the integrity of its search results from those who seek to manipulate them for their own gain.† â€Å"Accordingly,Google considers search engine manipulation to be extremely serious and expends substantial resources to try to identify and eliminate it.† These statements have had the SEO community buzzing: What does Google mean by manipulation? Is Google saying that accepted SEO tactics can get you penalized or even banned? A thorough reading of Falls’ full testimony makes it pretty obvious that the term â€Å"search engine manipulation† refers to spammy tactics and doesn’t include traditional SEO best practices. Still, the fear-mongering continues. Google could have been a little clearer in the wording of their declaration, but as long as you’re sticking to SEO best practices, there’s really no cause for alarm. So, what’s the final verdict on white-hat optimization techniques vs. black-hat manipulation tactics? The biggest difference is intent. Optimization focuses on improving the user experience and delivering the most valuable search results. Manipulation relies on deception – misleading both search engines and users in order to achieve success. If you stick with accepted SEO best practices and Google’s own guidelines for your website and your content, you can rise to the top of the search results without any fear of repercussions.

Free Essays on You Just Don’t Understand

Hear What I Am Really Trying To Say, Tannen’s (1990) book, â€Å"You Just Don’t Understand,† explains heterogeneous facts about men and women’s communication styles. Tannen says once these gender differences are sorted out, men and women can recognize and understand how to confront real conflicts, rather than fighting styles. When men and women learn to accept the opposite sex’s conversational styles, they can learn to understand a shared language- where there is symmetry and negotiation of conflicts. It is important to recognize that these linguistic differences between men and women do not stem solely from what Tannen (1990) describes as â€Å"cross-cultural communication.† There are very apparent differences in speaking styles; for example, women tend to offer suggestions and give reasons, whereas men tend to give demands without reasons. However, the root of communication conflicts is really the result of the opposite natures of male and female. It is the nature of men to be dominant, and it is the nature of women to be submissive; any revolt against these natures, will cause conflict amongst men and women. Tannen says, â€Å"If a man experiences life as a fight for freedom, he is naturally inclined to resist attempts to control him and determine his behavior†(p.152). Since male and female â€Å"natures† influence behavior and conversational styles, they play more of a significant role in communication than we may think; and evidence of this dates clear ba ck to creation. The book of Genesis clearly defines God’s purpose for creating man and woman; God said man (created in the likeness of God) is to have dominion over all the earth and every living creature. Woman (created from man) is to multiply and be a companion for man. God intended there to be orderliness, which is why He designed men and women with very specific biological and psychological differences. These differences distinguish natures and determine male and f... Free Essays on You Just Don’t Understand Free Essays on You Just Don’t Understand Hear What I Am Really Trying To Say, Tannen’s (1990) book, â€Å"You Just Don’t Understand,† explains heterogeneous facts about men and women’s communication styles. Tannen says once these gender differences are sorted out, men and women can recognize and understand how to confront real conflicts, rather than fighting styles. When men and women learn to accept the opposite sex’s conversational styles, they can learn to understand a shared language- where there is symmetry and negotiation of conflicts. It is important to recognize that these linguistic differences between men and women do not stem solely from what Tannen (1990) describes as â€Å"cross-cultural communication.† There are very apparent differences in speaking styles; for example, women tend to offer suggestions and give reasons, whereas men tend to give demands without reasons. However, the root of communication conflicts is really the result of the opposite natures of male and female. It is the nature of men to be dominant, and it is the nature of women to be submissive; any revolt against these natures, will cause conflict amongst men and women. Tannen says, â€Å"If a man experiences life as a fight for freedom, he is naturally inclined to resist attempts to control him and determine his behavior†(p.152). Since male and female â€Å"natures† influence behavior and conversational styles, they play more of a significant role in communication than we may think; and evidence of this dates clear ba ck to creation. The book of Genesis clearly defines God’s purpose for creating man and woman; God said man (created in the likeness of God) is to have dominion over all the earth and every living creature. Woman (created from man) is to multiply and be a companion for man. God intended there to be orderliness, which is why He designed men and women with very specific biological and psychological differences. These differences distinguish natures and determine male and f... Free Essays on You Just Don’t Understand In Deborah Tannen’s #1 National Bestseller book You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, Tannen explains in her book why men and women have such a hard time communicating between each other. Tannen explains what some of the problems are in our conversations between each other and how these problems occur in our conversations. Tannen further explains the differences in men and women’s conversation styles and how men and women’s talk differs from each other. Tannen and the other authors try to explain aggression. Some Sociolinguist and authors and other professionals in the area of linguistics disagree with some of Tannen’s ideas about conversations, and there are others agree with her. Tannen says in her book â€Å"If we recognize and understand the differences between us, we can take them into account, adjust to, and learn from each other’s styles.† To fully understand Tannen’s ideas about conversations and about men and women’s conversation styles you have to first fully understand about what causes aggression, because Tannen blames many conversation difficulties on men’s aggression and dominance. In her book, Tannen states â€Å"No one could deny that men as a class are dominant in our society, and that many individual men seek to dominate women in their lives.† Anne Campbell the author of Men, Women, and Aggression talked in her book about where aggression comes from, and about what many professionals think about the origins of aggression, including the greatest psychologist ever, Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud argued for two sources of human aggression: Eros, a drive that acts to prolong and reproduce life, and Thanatos, an innate drive toward disintegration that Freud believed was directed against the self. If he was right, how is it that we all don’t commit suicide? In part, it is because of a struggle between Thanatos and Eros, which, luckily for us, Eros usually wins. But it is also because ...

Molality Example Problem - Worked Chemistry Problems

Molality Example Problem - Worked Chemistry Problems Molality is a means of expressing the concentration of a chemical solution. Heres an example problem to show you how to determine it: Sample Molality Problem A 4 g sugar cube (Sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 ml teacup of 80  °C water. What is the molality of the sugar solution?Given: Density of water at 80 ° 0.975 g/ml Solution Start with the definition of molality.  Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Step 1 - Determine number of moles of sucrose in 4 g.Solute is 4 g of C12H22O11 C12H22O11 (12)(12) (1)(22) (16)(11)C12H22O11 144 22 176C12H22O11 342 g/moldivide this amount into the size of the sample4 g /(342 g/mol) 0.0117 mol Step 2 - Determine mass of solvent in kg. density mass/volumemass density x volumemass 0.975 g/ml x 350 mlmass 341.25 gmass 0.341 kg Step 3 - Determine molality of the sugar solution. molality molsolute / msolventmolality 0.0117 mol / 0.341 kgmolality 0.034 mol/kg Answer: The molality of the sugar solution is 0.034 mol/kg. Note: For aqueous solutions of covalent compounds, such as sugar, the molality and molarity of a chemical solution are comparable. In this situation, the molarity of a 4 g sugar cube in 350 ml of water would be 0.033 M.

Why was there so much violence in Rome in the late Republic Essay

Why was there so much violence in Rome in the late Republic - Essay Example 140) Caesar’s rise to power and his eventual assassination demonstrate the violence that permeated Rome’s late Republic. Caesar was pivotal in the increase in violence as he helped militarize the Roman city. Earlier, Rome was plagued by anarchy and that Cnaeus Pompeius was entrusted with the restoration of order. He achieved this by bringing legionaries into the center of the city, the first time that serving soldiers have been brought there for this purpose, except in times of civil war. (Lintott, p. xiv) After order was restored, these legionaries remained in Rome for two more years under Pompeius’ command. Now, this was used by Julius Caesar as a reason to invade Italy with the pretext of defending his own status. This invasion would bring the Republic to an end. The transition from armies that were fighting in the battlefield to gangs fighting in the streets has sparked the violence in the late Republic. Such transition was disastrous and it is not difficult to understand why. Cicero argued in favor of arming the Roman citizens in his defense of Milo. However, this proved disastrous as more and more people became violent with their arms up to the point that the government could no longer control them. By the time the Roman Senate passed legislation to control bearing arms for violent purposes in the public realm, it was already too late. A specific example of the most controversial disturbances happened in 59 B.C., when the consul Bibulus tried to block his colleague Caesar’s legislation. According to Crook, Lintoot and Rawson’s account: Bibulus offered religious objection to Caesar’s proposals in the traditional way, according to the process known as abnutiatio: he appeared in the Forum and declared to the presiding magistrate that he had seen evil omens†¦ As the year went on, however, civil disturbances increased and Bibulus became the object of such violent assaults that he took refuge in his house and merely issued messages that he was

EEC Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EEC Position Paper - Essay Example While some claim that it is entirely possible to communicate with young babies by using a series of sign language based gestures, others argue that it can inhibit actual language development in the long term. This position paper strives to examine both sides of this issue in order to make an informed determination as to the efficacy of using baby sign language. One of the main arguments revolving around whether or not to use sign language with babies involves the notion that teaching signs to babies will help them to learn more words. It seems that little to no research affirms this belief, however, as it is more likely that body signs and symbols may simply improvement methods of communications between the two parties, and enable the parent to understand what the baby is actually trying to say. While this is certainly important, particularly for frustrated parents who simply cannot determine what their baby might be upset about, it does not indicate that babies actually are learning through the process (DeLoache & Chiong, 2009). To be clear, however, there are still many scholars that do contend that a combination of verbal speech and body or hand gestures can contribute to a baby expanding their vocabulary at an early age. This has been one of the disagreements that make advocating such a position, either in favor or against, so difficul t. It is important to note that baby sign language does not refer to American Sign Language, as it is more talking about communicative gestures made specifically between parents and their young babies. While it is possible to teach a baby American Sign Language, it would be similar to using any type of verbal language, and is not the focus of this study. When referring to the use of baby sign language, however, scholars are typically referring to the action of encouraging babies

High School and Republic High Books Essay Example for Free

High School and Republic High Books Essay Ms. P Andy Lau Argumentative Essay Censorship is the government is control the media, censorship can used to control or protect people. Some groups feel that books with objectionable material should be censored for many different reasons,such as sexual content,against a religion ,bad language,racism violence. I believe that books shouldn’t be censored because we have the right to read it,and it depends on your own personality. Therefore I intend to prove that the banning of books in schools is completely unjustified. In Fahrenheit 451,There is a old women in the story,she is willing to die to not leave her books. It shows that books are so important to us, and our society that she was willing to die rather than give them up,also the character Guy Montag is curious to read those books,she quitted his job for those books. In the article â€Å"You have insulted me â€Å" by kurt Vonnegut. He is angry because his books got burned by the school board. †That’s because people speak coarsely in real life†this shows people speak bad word in real life,so why can’t books have bad words. Both the article supports my opinion that book shouldn’t be banged from high school. †Two books pulled form Republic school library shelves†this article is two of the three Republic High books singled out in a public complaint last year will now removed from the school curriculum and library. Those three books are â€Å"Speak†by Laurie Halse Anderson. Kurt Vonnegut’s†Slaughterhouse Five†and Sarh Ockler’s â€Å"Twenty Boy Summer†. And they didn’t banned â€Å"Speak†because it didn’t describe sex so much,and it has a good message. Also they just banned those books in classroom,students can still read it in library and independence reading . The second article is talking about parents and school districts have debated what books are appropriate for a school library collection and what books should be banned. ACLU didn’t ban books because they say its against the First Amendment . also they said†You clearly can’t remove a book because you disagree with the ideas in them†,this shows books shouldn’t get banned . We have to see different face of books ,bad way and good way. I believe that books should not be censored because books can send us good messages and our imaginary . It also depends on your own personality,if we have a evil mind ,we could only see the evil thing in the books,if we are normal human,we suppose to able to learn something form books,so I am sure that banning of books in schools is completely unjustified.

Carpe Diem Seizing the Day Essay example -- essays research papers

Live a Full Life or Not, the Choice is Yours Some 2000 years ago a Roman poet was talking with his vampy friend, Vladimir Longtoothski about his bizarre phengophobia. â€Å"Vlad,† Horace the Geek began, â€Å"I realize you’re a creature of the night but you need to catch some rays, man. You’ve been looking a little pale lately, you need to get your blood boiling and get some color in your cheeks.† Exasperated with Vlad’s nightowl existence, Horace the Geek uttered, â€Å"Seize the day, Vlad!† â€Å"Bloody good prompt,† responded the incisive Vlad. And for the next 2000 years, teachers everywhere encouraged their students to write about the importance of seizing the day if you want to live each day to the fullest. So check out the following seizures. The year: 1959. The place: Welton Academy. It’s a strict prep school run with military precision almost like Harlingen’s Marine Military Academy or the La Joya ROTC program. Passionate to the extreme, maverick English teacher John Keating urges his students to break the rules, to break with tradition, to break up their routine life, and dre...

Types of Diabetes

DESCRIPTIONDiabetes pertains to a metabolic disorder that is associated with the lack or absence of insulin, a protein that transports glucose into the cells of the body.   Glucose, also simply known as sugars, is considered as the first source of energy for the daily activities performed by the human body, such as walking and standing.   In addition, glucose also serves as the main resource for the energy that is required to fuel cellular processes within the body, including that of growth and repair of cells and tissues.   The food items consumed by an individual generally contain glucose and thus the presence of insulin is important for the transport of this macromolecule to the appropriate regions of the body.Insulin is mainly produced by the pancreas, which is a digestive organ that is strategically located next to the small intestines, where digestion commonly occurs.   Once the process of digestion has been completed in the intestines, the glucose molecules transported into cells through the help of insulin.   In normal individuals, the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is enough to transport the glucose that is present in the meal consumed.   On the other hand, individuals with diabetes show a lack or absence of insulin secreted by the pancreas, thus preventing the transport of the glucose molecules into the cells.   Glucose is therefore left outside the cells and these remain circulating in the blood.   The continuous accumulation of glucose further extends from the blood to the urine, which in turn are samples employed for the diagnostics of diabetes.CAUSES OF DIABETESDiabetes is generally caused by a number of factors, depending on the type of diabetes that has been positively diagnosed in an individual.   Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an autoimmune condition that involves the incapacity of the body to combat infections (NIH, 2010a).   In this case, the immune syst em of an individual causes the destruction of the cells of the pancreas, thus decreasing and possibly preventing the production of insulin for glucose transport.   The actual mechanism that triggers the destruction of the pancreatic cells by the immune system is still unknown and there are active efforts in the field of biomedical research that are attempting to elucidate this reaction.Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an increase in the level of glucose in the body due to aging, obesity or genetic inheritance of the condition (NIH, 2010b).   Type 2 diabetes is therefore more commonly observed among elderly individuals, as their metabolic rate generally slows down as they age.   Obese individuals tend to develop diabetes because their food choices are often different from the recommended daily diet, thus increasing the likelihood that sugar-rich foods would be consumed on a regular basis.Gestational diabetes pertains to the increase in the blood glucose level of a female during pregnancy.   This occurrence is usually linked to the gain in the total body weight of a woman during pregnancy, as well as the decrease in the physical activity of the woman as she progresses through the entire gestational period of 36 weeks or 9 months.   Unlike types 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes often disappears once the woman has given birth.   The disappearance of the features of diabetes are possibly linked to the loss in the total body weight after birth, as well as the increase in the physical activity of the woman after delivery.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes generally affects both males and females, yet there are certain characteristics that strongly associated with this metabolic disease.   According to the World Health Organization, type 1 diabetes is more common among whites and is considered as a rare disease among non-white populations of Africa and Asia.   Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is commonly diagnosed in elderly individuals.Moreover, elderly individuals who are overweight are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes because these individuals tend to be less active in physical activities.   Certain populations are thus associated with type 2 diabetes, including those of African and Asian ethnicities.   In the United States alone, there are 24 million individuals with the age of 20 years old and above that have been diagnosed with diabetes (NIDDK, 2007).   On the other hand, there are 12 million elderly individuals who have been diagnosed with diabetes in the United States.TREATMENT OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes is generally treated with the administration of insulin on a daily basis.   Patient are therefore taught how to inject insulin everyday, in order to maintain a normal level of insulin in their blood.   Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with medications that assist in the digestion of glucose from the food items consumed.   This med ication is given on a daily basis using a tablet or capsule format.   In addition to medications, a healthy diet is highly recommended to diabetic patients.   This includes food items that are low in sugar content, such as green, leafy vegetables and fiber-rich fruits and grains.Exercise is also recommended for diabetic patients, as this assists in increasing the metabolic rate of the body.   Diabetic patients are also educated on the condition of hypoglycemia, which is the extreme lowering of the blood glucose level of the body, resulting in fainting and a decrease in the arterial blood pressure.   A dietician therefore plays an important role in the design of the dietary regimen of diabetic patients.   A regular check-up should also be performed every 3 to 6 months, wherein the fasting blood sugar levels are determined, in order to evaluate the progress of the patient with the current dietary regimen.REFERENCESNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disea ses.   (2007).   National Diabetes Statistics, 2007.   Downloaded from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/DM_Statistics.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010a).   Type 1 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type1Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010b).   Type 2 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type2Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.

A play that demonstrates the emptiness of the American dream ‘Death of a Salesman’ Essay

â€Å"A play that demonstrates the emptiness of the American dream†. How far do you agree with this assessment of ‘Death of a Salesman’? It is evident from the first view of ‘death of a salesman’ that there are definite, negative realities in the American dream. From writing this play, Miller has strongly illustrated that the American dream produces an image that human worth and values can be measured in financial terms. During 1940’s America, capitalism and consumerism was at it’s strongest with the American dream acting as a predator to the unsuspicious, determined and success-hungry businessmen of America. Although some of these men prospered in creating a successful business and earned a lot of money, others failed and felt that their own small achievements were empty and insignificant. In the play, Willy (like other American salesmen) has focused his life and attention on achieving the American dream and being a successful role model to his sons. Willy, however, does not accomplish success and instead falls victim to capitalism. His main belief is that popularity leads to personal and business triumph, and materialistic items prove that he is well liked and loved by his friends and family. Even though Willy cannot afford expansive gifts, the American dream is based on materialising love and values and Willy does this when he buys Biff and Happy a punch bag branded with ‘Gene Tunney’s signature’. Although at first this gift seems appreciated, rather than flatter and excite, materialism and brand names haunted Willy with debt and insecurity, yet he felt obliged to provide for his sons and determined to succeed in the American dream. Willy is a failure and his suicide attempts displayed an unproductive, exhausted man. He feels that what he does attain are empty achievements and his bad points and reasons for failure were obvious; such as instilling false values into his sons. It can be interpreted that, because Willy was ineffective, when he did achieve something, it was insignificant and empty; although some critics may feel that his lack of success may mean he put more pride in his minor accomplishments such as DIY around the house. This is shown when Willy is trying to impress his neighbour Charley by saying ‘Did you see the ceiling I put in the living-room?’ Willy and Linda had only one payment left on their twenty five year mortgage before the house is their own, and Linda feels quite content and happy about this. But Willy is still unhappy, questioning the reason for owning the house in the first place: ‘What point?’. Owning the house is an empty accomplishment for Willy, even though it took so long to achieve. ‘Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own it, and there’s nobody left to live in it’. this alone demonstrates the emptiness of consumerism and the American dream. It is also illustrated that the American dream is an empty achievement when, at the beginning of the play, Happy and Biff are discussing their employment and future. At this point, Happy indicates that his manager’s success is empty, with him building a house that ‘he can’t enjoy once it’s finished’. Happy states that he is generally achieving everything that he wanted, yet they are not important to him; they are empty accomplishments. He even questions the reason why he is working just as Willy questioned the point of the house, because all he is achieving from working is pointless and empty success. It could be argued that Miller is trying to pursue the idea that it is the process of success that is more important than success itself. This strongly questions American values, as many people follow the American dream which holds the belief that material items are more important and that they represent personal and business victory. However, Happy is successful personally to compensate for his empty achievements as a clerk. He seduces the fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e’s of his managers because he has an ‘over-developed sense of competition’ – Happy takes what he wants even though he apparently ‘hates himself for it’, indicating the use of the bad morals taught to the boys by Willy. This again could be construed as an purposeless success in the process of achieving the American dream. Another point of perspective is that the women, like materialistic items and commercialism, may produce status in the American social system, but they also produce stress and not necessarily happiness. Willy is in constant competition with his neighbour Charley, continuously aiming to be ‘bigger than Uncle Charley’ and promising his sons this success. This point suggests that materialism and the American dream are more important than general well-being and human worth, and some critics feel that through this neighbourly competition, Miller is questioning the values of America as a whole. Willy’s mind and psychology also breakdown because of his obsession with the American dream, and his dreams become illusions. Eventually, Willy is fighting with illusions and reality and believes all he is worth is his insurance money, stressing the idea that the American dream is empty and human values can be measured economically. The irony of Linda declaring ‘we’re free’ at the end of the play is both ironic and tragic as although she is now free of debt, the empty American dream the illuded both Willy and herself is still holding her and others ensnared. On the other hand, in contrast to Willy, Charley is successful and has a fulfilling career and achieved the American dream. Willy is very envious of Charley, so much so that his pride, jealousy and stubbornness prevents him from accepting a job off Charley, even when he is unemployed: ‘I just can’t work for you, Charley’. Similarly, Howard, although cruel to Willy and fires him, is very successful. He has a happy, idealistic family life. He is able to afford materialistic goods, can provide for his family, is not overridden by debt and is generally fulfilled by his success and the American dream. Howard is very proud and boastful to have achieved the American dream and this is shown when he boasts his tape recorder to Willy, who is obviously resentful. Howard’s other material possessions appear to be unimportant compared to the tape recorder and are no longer required, showing Howard to be a rather wasteful person. This again implies that, in difference to Willy, Howard is extremely successful and is relishing in consumerism, finding the American dream very rewarding. However, another point of view could be that Howard, like Willy, finds the American dream empty as he is not enjoying what he has achieved, and is just replacing everything with a more modern or expensive model. In dissimilarity to Willy, Charley is a genuine, kind and caring neighbour, and is not at all in competition with Willy. Therefore, Charley values human worth and this suggests that American values are not concentrated mainly on accomplishment. Charley has not let the American dream influence his ideas of human worth and values, and he does not think that human life can be measured financially. He actually seems genuinely worried at Willy’s hints towards suicide and says to him ‘nobody’s worth nothing’ dead’. Charley is realistic compared to Willy, who is idealistic and living in his own fantasy. Through his success, Charley sees Willy’s faults and reasons for his failure and tries to make Willy acknowledge this by constantly asking ‘Willy, when are you going to grow up?’. Charley recognises Willy’s fantasies are wrong and he tries to help him. This shows that the American dream has not diminished Charley’s character as it has Willy’s and Charley’s success mean she can help Willy financially. This can be interpreted as Charley using his satisfying achievements to help Willy. For Charley, his dream has become a reality not an illusion. Charley may have also become victim to capitalism but, in comparison to Willy, he is thriving off it whereas it is destroying Willy. He is content with his success and feels fulfilled by his achievements, suggesting that the play does not entirely demonstrate the emptiness of the American dream but the fulfilments also. Miller himself argues that the play is not entirely based on the faults of the American dream although it does question American values very powerfully. He strengthens his argument because, although Willy is defeated by the American dream, Charley is entirely successful without creating personal flaws from his dreams of success. Bernard, his son, is also a genuine (as well as successful) person; a complete difference from Willy’s sons. As a result, ‘Death of a salesman’ almost perfectly depicts aspects of the American dream today. Our twenty first century ideals, dreams and illusions echo, even more so perhaps, the prosperous America of fifty years ago. It can be related to by people of our culture today as well as those from the 1940’s, making the powerful reminders of the illusion focused on in ‘Death of a Salesman’ completely relevant to our world. It is from this that I have come to the conclusion that, although ‘Death of a Salesman’ subtly contains stories of success due to the American dream, this play is a textbook illustration of the emptiness of the American dream and consumerism; where failure and disappointment eats away at happiness and confidence, but success is, similarly, an empty accomplishment.

The Millikan Oil Drop Chemistry Experiment

The Millikan Oil Drop Chemistry Experiment Robert Millikans oil drop experiment measured the charge of the electron. The experiment was performed by spraying a mist of oil droplets into a chamber above the metal plates. The choice of oil was important because most oils would evaporate under the heat of the light source, causing the drop to change mass throughout the experiment. Oil for vacuum applications was a good choice because it had a very low vapor pressure. Oil droplets could become electrically charged through friction as they were sprayed through the nozzle or they could be charged by exposing them to ionizing radiation. Charged droplets would enter the space between the parallel plates. Controlling the electric potential across the plates would cause the droplets to rise or fall. Calculations for the Experiment Fd 6Ï€rÃŽ ·v1 where r is the drop radius, ÃŽ · is the viscosity of air and v1 is the terminal velocity of the drop. The weight W of the oil drop is the volume V multiplied by the density Ï  and the acceleration due to gravity g. The apparent weight of the drop in air is the true weight minus the upthrust (equal to the weight of air displaced by the oil drop). If the drop is assumed to be perfectly spherical then the apparent weight can be calculated: W 4/3 Ï€r3g (Ï  - Ï air) The drop is not accelerating at terminal velocity so the total force acting on it must be zero such that F W. Under this condition: r2 9ÃŽ ·v1 / 2g(Ï  - Ï air) r is calculated so W can be solved. When the voltage is turned on the electric force on the drop is: FE qE where q is the charge on the oil drop and E is the electric potential across the plates. For parallel plates: E V/d where V is the voltage and d is the distance between the plates. The charge on the drop is determined by increasing the voltage slightly so that the oil drop rises with velocity v2: qE - W 6Ï€rÃŽ ·v2 qE - W Wv2/v1

The Clash - Smart Custom Writing Samples

The Clash - Smart Custom Writing Literary Analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre?s ?The Wall?Jean-Paul Sartre authored â€Å"The Wall† a collection of short fictional stories that was published in 1939. This book is set in Spain and its Civil War acts as the backdrop. In this book, three men have been sentenced to death by the Spanish Fascists. They are put in reclusion or a cell, and a static character, the Belgian doctor observes their mental torture on the last night before being subjected to the firing squad. The three men are Pablo Ibietta, Juan, and Tom. Pablo is the protagonist and the narrator of the story (Sartre 1). He is being tried for war crimes and his refusal to reveal the whereabouts of his friend, Ramon Gris, an anarchist. Juan’s criminal charge is having a brother who is an anarchist while Tom is a member of International Brigades. Juan is the protagonist and believes that he will be killed because he is not innocent. Sartre has used narration to reveal the reactions, psychological state, and thoughts of the three men as they await execution. In this book, the author uses imagery to show the intense emotions of the three convicts. The wall has been used to show the end of life and freedom. The wall symbolizes the end of freedom and good life for the three men. It also symbolizes the â€Å"blockade† that is between them and their lives. On a literal meaning, the cell is reclusion of walls. The firing squad will use the wall to terminate lives. This is a wall in a wall or the use of a wall as an object to put a â€Å"wall† (death) to the lives of the three men. They are locked in and cannot have contact with the other world and this translates to reclusion or total separation. The cell is an enclosure that stands between them and their dreams. The only thing that is connecting them to their past is memories. Pablo is detached from life. He knows that the woman he loves, the life, does not matter anymore. The main theme in this book is â€Å"death.† The wall symbolizes death, an imminent end that all people must face. They cannot think beyond the wall and thus have resigned themselves to death even before they face the firing squad. It is significant to note that the men are psychologically dead even before the guards take them to face the firing squad. The other theme is innocence. Pablo and Juan are innocent. Juan tries to justify his innocence when he admits that his brother is an anarchist, and claims that he does not belong to any political party (Sartre 1). They have been convicted because of their relations with anarchists. The other themes in this story are love, society versus individuals and reality. The author drags the story through suspense, and literary intensifies the conflict that surfaces among the convicts and their imminent death. Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Wall. 1939.Web. 17 November 2010.

Human Recource Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Recource Managment - Essay Example What’s more, exchange of information is critical in creating competitive advantage for organizations. Since numerous markets are somewhat flooded with many organizations making efforts towards similar core competencies, firms are forced to enhance their information dissemination in order to produce a sustainable competitive advantage. The information age and its revolution has budged organizations away from being nearsightedly concerned with the utilization of tangible assets towards a holistic and unwavering interest in leveraging intangible assets, such as the management of information dissemination as a way of ensuring that competitive advantage is developed. Impact on business Dissemination of business information is a source of competitive advantage. Dissemination of information facilitates communication across all organizational boundaries, such that the entire business is able to seize the available opportunities and address its challenges by bringing all the stakeholde rs on board. In view of this, managers are able to use information dissemination as a tool of fostering productive and collaborative exchange between employees. With effective dissemination of knowledge, businesses are able to increase influential decisions significantly, since all the origination’s stakeholders are able to gain access to important strategic opinions, instead of holding such information on the hands of high-level management only. What’s more, by allowing employees to have access to each other, those who have the most current information are able to share it with those who derives benefit from it, rather than going through upright channels of upper management. In view of this, the organization is able to make quick decisions and implement them successfully. Integration of technology and HR Since Human Resources are one of the most critical assets in an organization, it is important that its adoption of technology is at the same level with marketing, pro duction or finance. This includes automation of performance appraisal systems, payroll, and employee benefits. Furthermore, deployment and management of technology in an effective way, means that any business organization would require knowledge workers, and it is the responsibility of HR function to manage the knowledge workers. This makes integration of technology and HR a must. Therefore, the point on adoption of technology in HR is very important because it is about efficiency of Human Resources, which is a very important tool for competitive advantage. Impact on business Integration of technology and HR facilitates harmonious, complementing and enhanced co-existing of business functions. While technology plays an important role in enhancing effectiveness of HR, adoption and managing of change is enhanced by HR that is brought about by the technology. Integrating technology and HR functions leads to successful business strategy execution, employees’ contribution, administ rative efficiency and capacity for change. All these are fulfilled through the contribution of workers, including development, staffing, benefits, compensation, highly performing teams, among others. Actually, technology is bringing about the highest number of changes in the HR market. Besides, implementing of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) has a strong impact on business excellence, since this reduces

Management of Marketing Channels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management of Marketing Channels - Assignment Example They provide with special services like build-to-order that directly fulfil the demands from production at a low cost. Build-to-replenish and configure-to-order are also included. The company has an excellent supply chain management with low inventory levels that provide to its network spread over 30 countries across the world. Their supply chain management is extraordinarily efficient since it is backed by key performance drivers like inventory management, transportation management, information system and IT integrated systems to provide the right product at the right time and place. Their worldwide supply chain provides cost-effective services available to all. Reverse logistics is yet another innovation that backs their supply chain by pulling out damaged, obsolete or over-stocked products and redistributing them by using disposition management rules to maximize the original lifecycle of the product. Overall, Flextronics provides low cost products worldwide through a very efficien t and effective supply chain management system backed by logistics solutions for maximum customer satisfaction since satisfying the consumer is the primary priority of the company. Venture Corporation being the leader provides an excellent combination of manufacturing and delivering facilities

Danger of Cell Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Danger of Cell Phones - Essay Example The quantity of radioactivity energy immersed by an individual reduces with increasing space between the projection and the operator. Rendering to the United States’ Food and Administration (FDA), there is no adequate of scientific proof to link mobile phone through health complications (US Food and Drug Administration par. 4). Mobile phones do release radioactivity, but the intensities are stumpy for instance, those found in microwaves. Nevertheless, the Food and Administration has entreated a more exhaustive research to be carried, as there exist some indecision of lasting use (Adams 4). Mobile phones have developed technologically during the past few years. Cell phones can be utilized to convey text messages, take pictures, play games and access the internet as well. Mobile phones are used to carry out money transactions by sending and receiving money. Each of these stuff; nevertheless, are precarious when it comes to the usage of the mobile phone’s applications as well as driving simultaneously. Mobile phones present many risks since most operators are not conscious of the dangers (Adams 4). Most people text or talk as they are driving, which may be very unsafe. It makes the car driver to become preoccupied and so can result to an accident. Conferring to the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), 16 percent of above 40,000 fatal accidents are triggered by an abstracted car driver (Pugh par. 3).

Product Life Cycle In The High Tech Industry Marketing Essay

Product Life Cycle In The High Tech Industry Marketing Essay Posits that, as the pace of change has accelerated rapidly and created unprecedented uncertainty in the markets of this decade, many companies have needed to dispense with existing, once reliable, practices in order to remain competitive. Suggests that the efficacy of one particular marketing tool, the product life cycle model, has been questioned, by various writers in the academic and business press, with regard to the general applicability and validity of its assertions and the claim it makes to be able to predict the marketing strategies that should be applied at different stages of a products life. Explores the arguments for and against the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool in this present, dynamic environment. Introduction the product life cycle model Since its adoption by marketing, the product life cycle (PLC) has achieved universal acceptance because of its appeal and wide application. In the 1950s and 1960s, when markets concentrated on consumer goods and were characterized by simple segmentation, comparatively stable technology and relatively unsophisticated communications, the product life cycle model was an acceptable assemblage of market dynamics (Wood, 1990). Despite the fact that no two life cycles are the same, the model was proffered, with support either from experience or from empirical research in the fast-moving consumer goods sector, as a predictive tool to anticipate marketing requirements and aid long-term planning of product strategies in advance of each stage of the cycle. The concept was analysed so frequently in marketing literature that it became given to many executives. The product life cycle represents a core element of marketing theory and has done for four decades. According to marketing literature, every product or service has, by definition, a life cycle and how this is managed is key to survival in business. The product life cycle model describes how most products pass sequentially through four stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline (see Figure 1). Each of these phases requires different strategies relating to promotion, pricing, distribution and competition, to maximize the products value and profitability. The principal components of the model are changes in sales, stage identification and sequential sales behaviour. The concept proved to be exceptionally durable and was explicated eloquently. According to Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976), its use has added lustre and believability to the insistent claim that marketing is close to becoming a science. The product life cycle theory has been exposed to comparatively little reproach with very few writings contesting the assumptions it makes, although Mercer (1993a) emphasizes that substantiation of the concept has seemed surprisingly difficult to uncover. However, the dynamic markets of the eighties, bore little resemblance to the relatively simply defined and stable markets of the early sixties (Wood, 1990) and with this the validity of the product life cycle was brought into question. Dhalla and Yuspehs article is the one most quoted as the premiss for recent scepticism over the product life cycle theorys general applicability (Mercer, 1993a). The validity of the product life cycle model The product life cycle theory draws an analogy with the life cycle of human beings, in that every product in a market is mortal. In the world of biology, each stage in the cycle is fixed, with one stage following on from another in both an invariable and irreversible order. In the marketing world, however, neither of these circumstances is typical, the length of different stages of the life cycle tending to differ from product to product. For example, certain products have scarcely any growth stage, while others introductory and maturity stages are barely discernible (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Not all sequences of stages in actual sales are consistent with the expected sequence of the model. The expected time pattern for each stage is often dismissed on the premiss that it depends on the product itself. Polli and Cook (1969) explain how most graphic representations of the cycle ignore the stage of decline, inferring that the introduction and growth stages make up half of the products life. This leads us to assume the life cycle curve is symmetrical at the middle of the growth stage. Furthermore, this implies the introductory and growth stages amount to the same length of time as periods of slow growth and maturity. The model presumes the existence of some rules indicating the movement of the product from one stage to another. However, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no such rules can be objectively developed (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Wood points out that the phrase life cycle itself contradicts the evidence by insinuating absolute inevitability and irreversibility (Wood, 1990), the evidence demonstrating that products can move in different time scales and in different sequence throughout their life. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that this presumed sequence of sales characterizes the weak assumption of the product life cycle model and that in addition the expected proportion of time spent in each stage represents the strong assumption of the product life cycle model. Similarly, a products life cycle differs to that of a human beings as it is usual for products to attain a second life or to be reincarnated as a result of promotion. Likewise, numerous brands have been seen to go from maturity back to rapid growth (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Hiam (1990) believes it is dangerous to presume that products have a life cycle, since anything with a life cycle dies. Although it appears obvious that every product will ultimately be replaced, at a frequency that is dependent on the specific industry and market, there is the problem that this assumption of death will prove a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hiam (1990) states that many products can be revitalized and that maturity simply reflects saturation of a specific target market with a specific product form. If the form of product is varied and the target market expanded, new growth can sometimes be created, such that only when a company has exhausted all alternative ways to reposition the product has the produ ct to die. Hiam (1990) believes it is a myth that products have a predetermined life-span. Wood (1990) concurs that, by establishing the prospect of decline, the product life cycle may become a self-fulfilling prophecy with valuable brands being prematurely discontinued. Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) substantiate this rationale with their research, which found many cases where a brand was dropped because management, on the basis of the product life cycle theory, believed the brand had reached a dying stage. For instance, where a brands success had dwindled for a few years, because of factors such as poor advertising, management believed the product had reached the decline stage and subsequently redirected funds from this product to new products, rather than seek corrective measures. As the brand continued to deteriorate, new products were launched and the brand was considered to be in decline purely on the basis of the product life cycle concept. One example was that of a US toothpaste, Ipana, which was marketed until 1968, then abandoned and replaced by new products. However, a year later, two businessmen picked up the brand name and created a new formula, keeping the original packaging. With virtually no promotion and limited resources, sales turned around in the first seven months, and within three years the toothpaste was still being used by over one million people. Had the original company kept the product and provided suitable marketing support for it, the brand may have been in an even stronger position in the market (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) also identified several other problems with the product life cycle model. First, it is often difficult to determine, with any accuracy, at which stage of the cycle the product actually is. As the four stages of the cycle are not clear-cut, it is possible to assume a product is at a particular phase when the opposite may in fact be the case. For instance, a product may be seen to have reached maturity, when in actuality it is merely at an ephemeral plateau. Considering variations can take place year-to-year, it is also difficult to foresee when the next stage of the life cycle will appear, how long it will last, and to what levels sales will extend (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). In a similar vein, Levitt highlights some shortcomings of the practical application of the product life cycle concept, on the presumption that the purpose of the concept is to establish the stage of ones product in the cycle and then select the strategy befitting that stage. The major problem which Levitt identifies is that, in order for the model to have any practical use, the marketing manager needs to know the answers to three key questions: how and to what extent the shape and duration of each stage can be predicted; how one can determine what stage a product is in; and how the concept can be used effectively. Answering these questions is difficult. If basic marketing information is not held, the shape of the curve is irrelevant and positioning the product on the product life cycle curve becomes reduced largely to a matter of guesswork (Wood, 1990). Mercer (1993b) also points out that in many markets the product or brand life cycle is longer than the actual planning cycle of organizations. Even where companies look to the product life cycle, they will be basing their plans only on the small section of the cycle in which they reside at the time, rather than covering the entire life of the product. As a result, the theory can offer only few, if any, benefits. In Mercers (1993b) survey, 49 per cent of managers attached the value of the product life cycle to new products and a quarter attached it to the decline stage, while none referred to the mature stage. As a result, the theory has little value for the majority of organizations whose products are at the mature stage. Mercer sees its use as dangerous for such organizations because it may entice managers of thriving mature products prematurely to expect the move into the decline stage. Similarly, the product life cycle concept has led top executives to over-emphasize new product introduction and neglect older brands, despite the belief that the odds are four to one against new products being successful. While Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) believe work on new products should proceed, they see that it is on todays products that a companys profits normally depend. In parallel, Goldberg (1994) states that too many executives in the industry think building new products is the answer, when it is often not. He maintains that companies need to be creative and refresh and create excitement around products to avoid the costs that occur with brand new products. He believes responding to short cycles is a key part to todays hyper-competitive market and doing this the wrong way is bound to cause you major problems. Most writers proffer the product life cycle concept as an ideal framework, but neglect to establish the difference between product class (e.g. cigarettes), product form (e.g. filter cigarettes) and brand (e.g. Winston). Many product classes' life can extend into centuries, e.g. automobiles, radios, soft drinks. Many appear in the absence of technological breakthroughs, to be almost impervious to normal life cycle pressures, provided they satisfy some basic need. When supporters talk about the life cycle of a product, they are invariably referring to product forms. The Marketing Science Institute also carried out research in an attempt to validate the product life cycle concept for product classes and forms. Over 100 product categories in the food, health, and personal care sectors were inspected and the number of cases that did not follow the sequence of stages on the product life cycle concept were recorded. Research concluded that the product life cycle concept had some reason for being, in that it explained sales behaviour better than a chance model could, however, the authors expressed doubts about its general validity. The authors concluded that their findings suggest the life cycle concept, when used as an explicit model, is more likely to be misleading than useful (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). With regard to brands, the product life cycle model has been shown by Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) to have even less validity. They believe that even when a brand survives the introductory stage, the model in most cases cannot be used as a planning or a predictive tool. Evidence for the product life cycle concept is not assuring because brands tend to have different patterns of sales, and therefore the product form curves cannot indicate what sales will be like (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Polli and Cook (1969) also believe the model to be more appropriate for examining the life of product forms than of product classes, while Wood (1990) suggests that, as the product life cycle concept is being related purely to brands, the use of the theory is encouraging an unhealthy myopia and brand/product focus. Mercer (1993a) also carried out research into the life cycle of brands, using data collected by the British Marketing Research Bureau, in which 929 brands were tracked within 150 market segments from 1969 to 1989. He found that the majority of those brands which were leaders in 1969 remained brand leaders in their respective markets in 1989. Only 7 per cent had declined below fourth place and only 1 per cent had been discontinued (Mercer, 1993a). This research shows there is a clear lack of evidence of the end stage of the life cycle, which itself weakens the assumption that the product life cycle theory is applicable generally. The research illustrates that the most important characteristics of most life cycles is that-for all practical intents and purposes-they do not exist (Mercer, 1993b). Mercer (1993b) believes, therefore, that the product life cycle of brand leaders is one of continuity and that it is a tautology that products are created and later die. Consequently, Mercer (1993b) questions the practical use of the product life cycle theory to the marketing manager. Since his findings suggest the average length of a brands life exceeds 20 years, the product life cycle concept may do little to satisfy the needs of the marketing manager whose objectives are likely to be contained within two years. This problem was also highlighted in discussions with the Public Relations Manager for the IT sector of Insight Marketing, Jo Bethell, who expressed difficulty in following the product life cycle model when marketing high-tech products. The difficulties arose primarily when developments in the industry forced Insight Marketing to take reactive action, contrary to the action predetermined by the product life cycle model. Polli and Cook (1969) concur that it is wrong to deduce, even from an extensive period of sales stability in a general product class, that saturation has been reached necessarily and that the product life cycle model, despite its other merits, cannot be invoked to support this supposition. They believe saturation is reached only if new product forms are not practicable with existing technology and if new uses for existing forms cannot be found. Both these forces can increase dramatically the level of market acceptance for a product class, with changes in past sales failing to predict their effects. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that the maturity stage for a product class can be construed as saturation only by taking as given the state of technology and applications for existing product forms with the product class. In addition, they suggest it is not sound to conclude, from the detection of a few periods of decline after prolonged sales stability, that sales of a product class will continue to fall. Their findings propound that, while continued decline is possible, it is uncommon for a product class and the most likely outcome of such a period of decline will be fall in the maximum sales level and a renewed period of sales stability or maturity. They deduce, therefore, that a decline in the acceptance of a product class does not mean it is a dying market opportunity. Some suggest the maturity stage of a product is associated with stability of market shares within that product. With regard to the market share of product forms that are within a general product class, Polli and Cook (1969) found this to be inapt. They illustrated that, even during maturity of the product class, acceptance levels of product forms can change significantly. For example, in their research, plain filter cigarettes (a product form) experienced rapid growth to a high level of sustained demand, whereas the product class (cigarettes) stayed in the maturity stage for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) argue that, where consumer tastes and values change, or preferences move to new and improved competitive products euthanasia has to be quietly performed so that the companys capital resources can be used profitably in other ventures. The existence of product feature cycles and upgrades in features of products which are referred to as product life cycles also confuses the issue. Nevertheless, the brand that contains these ephemeral components is often still the dominant element of the overall product and is very long lasting. Mercers (1993a) evidence shows how the theory has little import in most markets and should be used only in special circumstances. Nevertheless, the major lesson of the PLC-that change is to be ignored at the marketing managers peril-still holds true (Mercer, 1993a). The product life cycle model has also been criticized for its lack of empirical backing. Wood (1990) refers to research by Polli and Cook to point out that only 17 per cent product classes and 20 per cent product forms exhibited a sales behaviour essentially consistent with the product life cycle and that 83 per cent product classes and 80 per cent product forms did not fit the classical PLC shape. Some supporters of the product life cycle concept have attempted to validate the theory by introducing alternative curves appropriate for different situations. Many shapes, durations and sequences have been revealed, yet explanations for such differences have not been researched, despite this understanding being crucial for development of strategy and well-informed forecasting (Day, 1981). Variations in the product life cycle are inescapable if Levitts premiss is believed, i.e. that the basis of the concept is that the life-cycle can be managed (Wood, 1990). Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) believ e such endeavours to substantiate the product life cycle concept leave much to be desired and that it would be better to admit that the whole PLC concept has little value in the world of brands. Yet another element of question in the validity of the product life cycle is that the sales changes of a product differ in relation to the actual definition of the product. In support of this, Polli and Cook (1969) explain that, although cars and mentholated filter cigarettes are both products, cars include components more heterogeneous among themselves than filter cigarettes. Thus, this general problem must be acknowledged to avoid error Polli and Cook (1969) concede that the product life cycle concept has not been tested systematically as a model of sales behaviour, probably because of the inclination not to take the concept very seriously, because of its degree of validity. However, they profess that several writers have used the product life cycle model as a basis for recommendations about the composition of marketing programmes at the various stages of the life cycle, for instance to formulate advertising campaigns and so on. These marketing programmes are based on the underlying presupposition that the product life cycle is independent of a companys marketing practice. Polli and Cook (1969) point out, however, that, while it is possible that amendments to advertising may not affect the life cycle of a product, this ought to be clearly established before it is accepted as a basis for planning. Polli and Cook (1969) carried out extensive research to evaluate the performance of the product life cycle model and attempt to verify it empirically as a descriptive model of sales behaviour. Their principal aim was to evaluate the consistency of the model with actual records of sales of product classes, product forms and brands. They compared the number of stages that deviate from the presumed sequence of the life cycle model with the number of inconsistent observations in 100 simulated sequences, which are stages generated by a chance process. For a detailed explanation of their test procedures, see Polli and Cook, 1969. They found that the concurrence between sales performance of product forms and the life cycle model was good and that changes in sales for product classes, product forms, and brands were all concordant with the product life cycle model. When testing the performance of the life cycle their findings showed that, in essence, 44 per cent of all products displayed sales behaviour consistent with the life cycle and that, for 96 per cent of products, the inconsistent observations were fewer than the mean number of inconsistencies. However, they do stress that any inference from their research results should consider ones personal assessment of what compounds a good enough fit, which depends on the definition of product used and the influence of demand and supply on sales. Nevertheless, Polli and Cook (1969) contest that their results strongly suggest the life cycle concept, when tested in a given market and found valid, can be a fairly rich model of sales behaviour and that, even with refer ence to brands, the product life cycle model is strong enough to merit its use in that category and further testing in other categories. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that, while the overall performance of the model could be disputed with regard to its general applicability, its appeal, the existence of a theoretical foundation in the adoption process, and their own research results point to the model being valid in many common market situations. The product life cycle concept is a verifiable model of sales behaviour, particularly in market situations where different product forms compete for the same market segment with a general class of products, and can be helpful in planning marketing and forecasting sales. Quarterdeck Office Systems, a small computer software firm in Santa Monica, California, USA, also profess the validity of the product life cycle, the use of which they claim saved the companys neck. The company exists through serving a niche created by Microsoft. When Microsoft launched Windows 3.0, which incorporated the features of Quarterdecks products, Quarterdeck would have been ruined were it not for managements knowledge and use of the product life cycle concept. They identified the various life-cycle stages of their products and continually assessed the strategies Microsoft was following. They found that their product worked more efficiently with older computers and for a large segment of users who struggle to learn new programs and would rather not upgrade to new hardware. On the other hand, Microsofts Windows worked better with newer computer models and with software requiring more memory. On this basis, and considering the fact Microsoft was aiming their product at the introduction and growth stages, Quarterdeck positioned its own product at the mature and declining stages of the life cycle. Through creating such a niche in these stages of the life cycle, the company identified the only way it could succeed (Paley, 1994). Paley (1994) believes marketing managers generally are starting to administer product life cycle strategies to extend the sales life of their product, find a market position in which they can avoid conflict with strong rivals, and organize their salesforce to achieve greater productivity. He sees introducing the product life cycle strategy as a resourceful way in which to forge competitive advantage and that its implementation could make the difference between life and death of a company when confronted with overwhelming competition. Attempts to validate or rebut the life cycle concept on an empirical basis have been restricted by the lack of a definition as to which life is being examined, since different writers have different understandings of the product life cycle concept. No satisfactory empirical ratification of the concept exists and furthermore, by following sales over time, what are being observed are the consequences of different management strategies on the life cycle. To exemplify, Wood (1990) refers to Cox who identified six types of life cycle curve, which would imply a cycle-recycle pattern where sales do not decline following maturity of the product, but begin the old cycle again as a result of a push in promotion. Despite such criticism, the product life cycle has become accepted and valued as an element of basic marketing theory and has become a block on which management theory has been built. Mercer (1993a) points out that, from the evidence taken from his literature searches, the product life cycle seems still to be a dominant component of marketing theory. Nevertheless, he devotes much of his paper to augmenting the evidence that the product life cycle has only limited applicability. Conclusions Serious doubt as to the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool has been raised. The model has been widely criticized, by writers in the academic and business press, for many reasons. For instance, not all sequences of stages in actual sales are consistent with the expected sequence of the model, and products have been seen to experience second lives, a concept not acknowledged by the product life cycle model. Furthermore, many writers have criticized the model since it is difficult to determine at which stage of the cycle the product actually is. The model has also been open to reproach on the grounds that it does not establish the difference between product class, product form and brand. Moreover, products themselves differ according to levels of innovation and price, changes in technology, consumer needs and tastes, and changes in economic circumstances, all of which can influence the life cycle. Although the product life cycle concept has not been tested systematically as a model of sales, probably as a result of this abundance of criticism and subsequent tendency not to take it too seriously, some writers have used the model and based marketing strategies on the assertions and recommendations it makes for each stage. Polli and Cook (1969) offer probably the most thorough examination of the validity of the concept and one of few that actually finds that the concurrence between sales performance and changes in sales of products were concordant with the product life cycle model. Nevertheless, it has been the significance of these factors-which have been raised by critics of the concept-which has led to the questioning of the efficacy of the product life cycle concept as a tool to predict marketing strategies. Evidence set out here suggests that the product life cycle model is useful to monitor sales but its expediency in deciding the fate of products has been strongly challenged. Kotler himself was reported by Wood (1990) as now accepting that the value of the product life cycle for forecasting is limited, while Wood (1990) suggests the product life cycle has fulfilled its purpose. He contends that the product life cycle concept is failing to perform effectively and that in the 1990s the PLC will have little, if anything, to offer marketing education and that teaching the concept will actually constrain marketing management thinking. Mercer (1993a) goes as far as to say that the product life cycle should be eliminated from the marketers vocabulary and is in effect a fallacy (Mercer, 1993b).

Russia :: essays research papers

When examining the progress of a nation, it is vital to also see what the national psyche behind it was. In Russia the driving motivation was not always consistent. â€Å" ... [They] still had difficulty in formulating and sustaining any permanent concept of the 'state' and its interests independent of the family possessions and connections of the ruling dynasty.†(Hosking 190) As with many countries of that time, the rulers were not held accountable, and often overlooked long-term strategic goals in favor of short-term gains. Foreign policy was more a personal relationship among rulers than among nations; alliances were made, broken or not honored routinely. All of these factors made for a precarious political environment in which any leader had to operate. Russia's own unique problems required its rulers have an even greater political acumen than their purely European counterparts. There in lies the crux of Russia's biggest problems. Over the centuries from - to - Russia has expanded from a small principality to a huge polyglot of an empire; encompassing many people with many different cultures. Most Russians were not European. Although these people came from diverse geographical locations, they all shared certain beliefs that unified them. Concepts such as Pravda, the Mir, and the acceptance of suffering helped unify the empire. When Peter I wanted to Europeanize Russia he did it in a typical Russian way; out with the old, in with the new, having â€Å"... the tendency to introduce reform in total packages, rejecting previous ways as utterly wrong.† (Hosking 176) Peter I replaced the one stable and unifying set of beliefs with another set adopted from a world foreign to most everyone in the empire. This may be the reason that Russia’s Europeanization seemed to be a thin veneer under which the majority of Russians did not understand or see any benefit in europeanization. To answer the question as to whether or not Peter I was a successful ruler, it must be stated that the premise under which he ruled was â€Å"... To increase [Russia's] power and wealth and to improve the well being of its people.†(Hosking 198) To Peter that meant becoming more like Europe, and perhaps he thought this because of the great European influences on his, and on the lives of his advisors and the nobility in general. Peter saw the great armies and bureaucracies of Europe and wished to install them in Russia.

Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms Essay

For an individual, it must be treated as a continuous process that should not end when graduation rites in each particular level of schooling are being held. True education is life, it must always be a part of our daily living, whether through formal or informal means. Educational systems in general, and educational curriculum in particular, also need not to be static. The curriculum should respond to the demands of a fast-changing society. To some extent, it should also be global or internationally-aligned. These are the reasons why foreign and local educational educators in the past and until now have been introducing educational reforms and innovations. They have been searching means to address the problems being met in the implementation of a certain curriculums and to ensure the total development of every learner. I. The Past Movements for Social Change in the School System Social change affects education. Centuries ago, pioneers of education have sought to introduce renewal in education. Their ideas were far ahead than the actual renewal that took place later on. Among them were Commenius, Condorcet, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Dewey, Drecoly, Montessori and Freinet. 1. Johann Amos Commenius -â€Å"Father of Modern Education† Most permanent educational influences: a. practical educational work Comenius was first a teacher and an organizer of schools, not only among his own people, but later in Sweden, and to a slight extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), he outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university. Didactica Magna is an educational treatise which aimed to seek and find a method of instruction by which teachers may teach less but learners may learn more, by which the school may be the scene of less noise, aversion, and useless labor, but of more leisure, enjoyment and solid progress; and through which the Christian community may have less darkness, perplexity (confusion) and dissension (disagreement), but on the other hand, more light, orderliness, peace and rest. b. formulating the general theory of education In this respect he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etc. and is the first to formulate that idea of â€Å"education according to nature† so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. c. the subject matter and method of education -exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature His published works: Janua Linguarum Reserata (The Gateway of Language Unlocked) – contained his c onviction (certainty) that one of the prerequisites for effective educational reform was a fundamental change in language of instruction. Orbis Pictus (The World of Sensible Things Pictured) – contributed to the development of the principles of audio-visual interaction. It was the first successful applications of illustrations to the work of teaching, but not the first illustrated book for children. Schola Ludus (School as Play) – a detailed exposition of the doctrine that all learning should be made interesting, dramatic and stimulating. These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: (1) learning foreign languages through the vernacular; (2) obtaining ideas through objects rather than words; (3) starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects: (4) giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; (5) making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task; and (6) making instruction universal. He also developed the pansophic scheme, the view that education should take the whole of human knowledge as its universe. For him, truth was indivisible and was to be seen as a whole. Thus by relating each subject to every other subject and to general principles, pansophia was to make the learner capable of wisdom. 2. Marquis De Condorcet Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat took his title Marquis de Condorcet from the town of Condorcet in Dauphine. He advocated that the aims of education were: o cultivate in each generation the physical, intellectual and moral facilities and, thereby contribute to the general and gradual improvement of the human race. He envisioned a national system of public education designed to develop the natural talents of all, making real equality possible. His proposals of the five levels of public instructions areas follows: 1. Elementary- for the teaching of the ‘elements’ of all knowledge (reading, writing, arithmetic, morals, economics and n atural science)and would be compulsory for all four years 2. Secondary school- of three years’ duration, teaching grammar, history and geography, one foreign language, the mechanical arts, law and mathematics. The teaching at this and the first level would be non-specialized. 3. Institutes- responsible for ‘substituting reasoning for eloquence and books for speech, and for bringing philosophy and the physical science methodology into the moral sciences’. The teaching at this level would be more specialized. Pupils would choose their own course of study (at least two courses a year) from among four classes: mathematics and physics, moral and political sciences, science as applied to the arts, and literature and fine arts. 4. Lycee – the equivalent of universities, with the same classes as the institutes and ‘where all the sciences are taught in full. It is there that scholars-teachers receive their further training’. Education at this and the first three levels was to be entirely free of charge. 5. National Society of Science and the Arts – a research institute responsible for supervising the formal education system as a whole and for appointing teachers. Its role would be one of scientific and pedagogical research. 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau According to the history of education, he was the first great writer to insist that education should be based upon the nature of the child. Rousseau’s Emile is a kind of half treatise, half novel that tells the life story of a fictional man named Emile. In the history of education, the significant contributions of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi are: 1) his educational philosophy and instructional method that encouraged harmonious intellectual, moral, and physical development Pestalozzi’s most systematic work, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801) was a critique of conventional schooling and a prescription for educational reform. Rejecting corporal punishment, rote memorization, and bookishness, Pestalozzi envisioned schools that were homelike institutions where teachers actively engaged students in learning by sensory experiences. Such schools were to educate individuals who were well rounded intellectually, morally, and physically. Through engagement in activities, students were to learn useful vocations that complemented their other studies. 2) his methodology of empirical sensory learning, especially through object lessons Pestalozzi designed object lessons in which children, guided by teachers, examined the form (shape), number (quantity and weight) of objects, and named them after direct experience with them. 3) his use of activities, excursions, and nature studies that anticipated Progressive education. He also emphasized the importance of the nature of the child and propounded (advocated) that in the educational process, the child must be thought in relation to the subject matter. He sought to understand the nature of the child and to build his teaching around the natural, progressive and harmonious development of all the powers and capacities. He is an advocate of each man’s right to education and of society’s duty to implement that right and pave the way to universal national education. His motto â€Å"Learning by head, hand and heart† is still a key principle in successful 21st-century schools. 5. Friedrich Froebel The German educator, Friedrich Froebel, was one of these pioneers of early childhood educational reform. Froebel’s educational principles: a) free self-activity As an educator, Froebel believed that stimulating voluntary self-activity in the young child was the necessary form of pre-school education (Watson, 1997a). Self-activity is defined as the development of qualities and skills that make it possible to take an invisible idea and make it a reality; self-activity involves formulating a purpose, planning out that purpose, and then acting on that plan until the purpose is realized (Corbett, 1998a). Corbett suggests that one of Froebel’s significant contributions to early childhood education was his theory of introducing play as a means of engaging children in self-activity for the purpose of externalizing their inner natures. ) creativity Froebel designed a series of instructional materials that he called â€Å"gifts and occupations†, which demonstrated certain relationships and led children in comparison, testing, and creative exploration activities (Watson, 1997b). A gift was an object provided for a child to play with–such as a sphere, cube, or cylinder–which helped the child to understand and internalize the concepts of shape, dimension, size, and their relationships (Staff, 1998). The occupations were items such as aints and clay which the children could use to make what they wished; through the occupations, children externalized the concepts existing within their creative minds (Staff, 1998). Therefore, through the child’s own self-activity and creative imaginative play, the child would begin to understand both the inner and outer properties of things as he moves through the developmental stages of the educational process. c) social participation A third component of Froebel’s educational plan involved working closely with the family unit. Froebel believed that parents provided the first as well as the most consistent educational influence in a child’s life. Since a child’s first educational experiences occur within the family unit, he is already familiar with the home d) motor expression Motor expression, which refers to learning by doing as opposed to following rote instructions, is a very important aspect of Froebel’s educational principles. Froebel did not believe that the child should be placed into society’s mold, but should be allowed to shape his own mold and grow at his own pace through the developmental stages of the educational process. 6. John Dewey He contributed the educational philosophy which maintains that education is life, education is growth and education is a continuous reconstruction of human experiences from the beginning to the end of life. He was the spokes person of progressive education which states that aims have significance only for persons, not for processes such as education, and arise only in response to problematic situations in ongoing activities. Aims are to be viewed as anticipated outcomes of transactions, as intrinsic aspects of the process of problem-solving, and as a motivating force behind the individual’s approach to problem-solving situations. The Progressive Education Association, inspired by Dewey’s ideas, later codified his doctrines as follows: a. The conduct of the pupils shall be governed by themselves, according to the social needs of the community. b. Interest shall be the motive for all work. c. Teachers will inspire a desire for knowledge, and will serve as guides in the investigations undertaken, rather than as task-masters. d. Scientific study of each pupil’s development, physical, mental, social and spiritual, is absolutely essential to the intelligent direction of his development. . Greater attention is paid to the child’s physical needs, with greater use of the out-of-doors. f. Cooperation between school and home will fill all needs of the child’s development such as music, dancing, play and other extra-curricular activities. g. All progressive schools will look upon their work as of the laboratory type, giving freely to the sum of educational knowledge the results of their experi ments in child culture. He believed that education has two sides: the psychological and the social on the same plane. Education must start from the psychological nature of the child as the basis for directing his energies into totally useful channels. Schools must be set up to include bond the individual and social goals. The needs of a new society are to be taken into consideration in modifying methods and curriculum. 7. Ovide Decroly He influenced instruction in the kindergarten, the aim of which was to guide the child’s desire for activity and to give him a sense of discipline and norms for his social behavior (same with Dewey) 8. Maria Montessori Maria Montessori left a long lasting mark on education around the world.