Is “Mass Marketing” Dead? Essay

Ans: Mass marketing is the concept that consumers will favour products that are available and highly affordable. Now a days , Product variety and target marketing originated from the mass marketing based on organizational resources and sound financial position to capture whole market. Critics demonstrated that Customers change their need , want and demand based on changing taste overtime. Marketers also change their strategy to make sure more and more create customer value through those marketing attitude. Mass marketing is still useful philosophy in two types of following situation: 1. At the first that demand of the product exceeds thesupply. In this context , management can increase production. 2. Secondly, product cost is too high. At that stage , improvement production is needed to bring it down. To control the whole market with effectively and efficiently , marketers should certitude resources and finacnce. Thus , therefore, management can make a decision whether they may follo w mass marketing or not. Finally, mass marketing may actively follow or not based on companies overall position. I believe that mass marketing is dead theoretically. In practically, by measuring mass marketing weight with oither concept, we should recognize that mass marketing is even not come very close to dead. 2. Mass marketing is still viable way to build a profitable brand? Ans: Mass marketing is the top most one viable way to build a profitable brand. But, achieving company goal through its strategy, company needs resources so that company can create , communicate and delivery to consumer to market with effectively and efficiently. In this context, larger company can make sure profit through this marketing procedure . On the other hand , no make sure profit by smaller company by using product variety or target marketing concept. Product variety and target marketing depends on segmentation level with its effective segmentation.Critics sometimes demonstrated that to make the company object, it has to match with capable and efficient resource. Depends on companies resource capability, compan y may decide whether mass marketing would be viable or product variety or target marketing concept would be viable. Finally, we can say that mass marketing is still viable way to build a profitable brand .

Unions at the Work Place

Work dominates modern life. Work can be satisfying, enjoyable and rewarding. Many of the difficulties which face several nations today arise from the fact that, over many years, a lot of people who want to work have been denied the chance to do so. Most employers treat their workers fairly. But some do not. Complaints about the way they were treated by their employer are rampant. Even the best bosses can make mistakes from time to time. Unions exist to help people at work and make the work place a better place. Basically, unions work on the simple principle that while an employer might be able to ignore the views of a single worker, if all workers speak with one voice the employer has to take notice. Unions encourage their members to take part in collective decisions on workplace issues and these views are then put to the employer. From time to time, Union members in the same workplace will get together to talk about common problems. The issues most likely to come up are pay, safety, unfair treatment of a group or individual, or simply the way the work is organized. The union members will usually elect someone to speak on their behalf – a shop steward or office representative. The rep will then discuss their concerns with management. Where the union has a recognition agreement with management they reach decisions together on key issues. In bigger workplaces there will be a number of representatives, sometimes from different unions, speaking on behalf of different groups of workers. And in very big workplaces some of these union representatives will spend much of their working day dealing with union business, talking to management helping solve problems on behalf of their members. Most sensible employers welcome these arrangements. They understand it is better for workers to have an independent means of dealing with problems rather than letting them fester or hoping they will be sorted out by the supervisors or line managers who are sometimes the cause of the problems. However, is that enough? Shall Unions' responsibility be limited to those of their kinds or should it be widened to apply coverage to the whole society at large? Ross M. Martin, in the book Trade Unionism – Purposes and Forms, p. 62 wrote: â€Å"The responsibility of the part to the whole is inseparable from the idea that society is an organism. For the trade union that means a responsibility which extends beyond the membership, beyond the class, to society at large.† When we talk of trade union, we talk of association of workers for the purpose of improving their economic status and working conditions through collective bargaining. Historically there have been two major types of labor unions: the horizontal, or craft, union, in which all the members are skilled in a certain craft (e.g., carpenters); and the vertical, or industrial, union, composed of workers in the same industry, whatever their particular skills (e.g., automobile workers). A company union is an employee-controlled union having no affiliation with other labor organizations. The term closed shop refers to a company that hires only union members. In a union shop, employees are required to join a union within a specified time after being hired. An open shop does not restrict its employees to union members. Labor unions are essentially the product of the industrial revolution of the 19th century. In Great Britain, miners and textile workers were organized in the 1860s. Most European labor organizations today are either political parties or are affiliated with political parties, usually left-wing ones. In Britain today there are almost 23 million people in paid employment. Most of them spend up to a quarter of their lives at work – longer, on average, than anywhere else in Europe. Today almost seven million people in Europe belong to TUC unions (founded in Manchester in 1868) that is almost one worker in every three. Wherever people work there are union members – or potential union members. They include men and women; full-time and part-time workers; people in big businesses, and those in small ones; people who work for the government and those who work for themselves. Union members are no different from anyone else, except they tend to be better paid and have better working conditions because they have someone to stand up for them. Unions contribute to the success of an enterprise by helping employers plan for the future and manage change. Some of the most dynamic companies work routinely with the unions to keep their workforce informed on crucial issues. The development of worker and union involvement in an enterprise is known in Europe as ‘social partnership'. In some workplaces arrangements to involve workers more closely have been developed with formal â€Å"works councils†. European regulations require such works councils for large companies that operate in more than one EU country. They also require consultation where big changes or redundancies are planned. Sometimes companies and unions have to find imaginative solutions to changes in demand for goods and services. The social partnership approach allows both sides to explore ways of working to the benefit of employees as well as the enterprise. Many union movements in the underdeveloped countries have led anticolonial campaigns toward political independence. In the United States, Unions began developing in the 1830s. Among the important early organizations were the Knights of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World. A milestone in the history of American unionism came in 1886 with the formation of a group that eventually became the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), an association that includes nearly all of the larger U.S. Unions. The U.S. Labor movement gained support from such new deal laws as the Wagner Act (1935), creating the National Labor Relations Board, but later was restricted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 and the Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959. By the late 1970s some 20 states had banned the closed shop through right-to-work laws. In bargaining with companies in economically troubled industries in the 1980s, U.S. Unions often sought to save existing jobs through concessions (give-backs) of earlier gains, and in 1993 unions unsuccessfully fought passage of the North American free trade agreement, fearing job losses if it were ratified. U.S. Union membership has steadily declined from its peak of 35.5% of the nonagricultural workforce in 1945; in 1992, when U.S. Unions had 16,390,000 members, it stood at 15.8%. Today there are unions in virtually every country in the world. In countries as far apart as South Africa and Poland unions have been at the forefront of campaigns for social change. Internationally, world trade unionism was split after 1949 between two rival organizations: the World Federation of Trade Unions (1945) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1949). The International Labor Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Family definition Essay

When most people think of the word family, mother, father, children, and relatives immediately come to mind. If you look up the word in the Oxford English dictionary you would read: fam ·i ·ly (fÄÆ'm’ə-lÄ“, fÄÆ'm’lÄ“) n. – the group of persons consisting of the parents and their children, whether actually living together or not; in wider sense, the unity formed by those who are nearly connected by blood or affinity. While all this can be true of a family, it is not the only or the correct way that family can be defined. Family is more accurately described as a group of people who might not be related by blood or marriage but who sincerely care and love each other. They are there for you every step of the way and provide support you could never get anywhere else. Since the beginning, families have been the building blocks of any society. Almost every aspect of our lives involves the term family. In our religion we are part of a â€Å"family† of believers. At Penn State we are part of one big â€Å"family† of students and faculty. One person unites our country as a â€Å"family† whom we all look towards for guidance. While these examples might be accepted by society today, it only describes family in broad terms. Family love is much deeper than all of that and is the love you share with your friends and relatives. One very common misconception about family, as seen in the Oxford definition, is that its members almost always have to be related by blood, marriage, or adoption. In truth, family is anyone you love and care about and who also feels the same way about you. German poet Johann Schiller described family perfectly when he said; â€Å"It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons.† I believe that my family is not only my parents, my little brother and my other relatives, but also my best friends. My great-aunt is my blood relative but she knows as much about me as the next person. For example, my friend Caitlin can tell you anything you would ever want to know concerning me and we can practically read each other’s mind. I am not saying that my great-aunt is not considered part of my family but Caitlin is just as much as my aunt. Family goes hand-in-hand with friendship. In order to have a family you need friendship. My family and I do not get along just because we are forced to live together. My family are my best friends and we get along because we genuinely love each other and want to be with each other. Every family is going to have its problems, but in the end no one can deny the love they have for each other. In today’s society most people consider family to be just blood relations but in reality family is made of the bonds you share with those you care for the most. Family is a completely necessary component of anyone’s life. Your family helps you through the tough times. They provide the needed support to get you through life. Family cares about what happens to you, are always there for you, and above all, they love you no matter what.

Multinational corporations and sweatshops Essay

Multinational corporations and sweatshops - Essay Example In addition, they expect the suppliers in developing countries to produce quality products within a short time or precise delivery schedule (Maitland 120). This is a trend that has been observed with nearly all multinational corporations across the globe. Indeed, in recent years these companies have forgotten about manufacturing; instead, their focus is on marketing and product designing. The labor and human rights activists have criticized this contracting arrangement. They have argued that these corporations are exploiting workers and thereby promote international sweatshops. The critics have cited a number of areas of exploitation which makes them believe that the corporations contribute to difficult and dangerous environment for workers. For example, they have pointed out that the sweatshop workers work for very long hours but with minimal pay, albeit well defined laws on minimum wage and overtime pay. Moreover, the sweatshop workers might violate the child labor laws which are h ighly defined and outlined. On some occasions, sweatshops may promote hazardous situations and materials. In addition, in a sweatshop setup, the employer can choose to abuse the employees without easy ways for employees’ protection.These have prompted arguments on whether corporations have minimum obligations, at most merely complying with the host country laws, or further have negative obligations to respect human rights and finally, whether they should have positive obligations to promote just background institutions. However, based on the critics discussed above, I can argue that the disagreement concerning the social responsibilities of the multinational corporations should not continue. Instead, the multinational corporations should have positive obligations to promote just backgrounds. Body Multinational companies must promote just backgrounds and ensure that their international workers enjoy a favorable work environment. They must also play major roles in ensuring that human rights activists are heard and that their international corporations also enjoy their human rights. Therefore, the multinational corporations should identify contracting practices that, if implemented, will prevent the repressive regimes that make working difficult. To start off, these corporations must ensure that the current labor standards are satisfactory to the workers and that their rights to join the labor force are fostered. These ideals cannot be achieved if the corporations continue with their current contracting practices. For instance, Kathie Lee Gifford’s clothing line cannot continue using 13 and 14 year old children to work for 20 hours a day in their factories (Maitland 120). According to Charles Kernaghnan who worked with the National Labor Coalition, these contracting practices by Kathie Lee Gilford’s company promoted child labor violations in Honduras, yet there are established child labor laws and standards. Kernigan found out that the same c ontracting practices are found nearly in every developing country. He further explained that the same child and labor abuse in Honduras is widespread in Central America and Africa. To improve these contracting practices, labor and human rights activists have identified that all multinational corporations have a public image that they always want to protect. For this reason, Monshipouri found that they have

Political attitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political attitude - Essay Example s making students more aware of the political environment and nurture their minds in order for them to make well-informed political choices in the future. The education has increased my understanding of American values of political tolerance, free society and liberty and thus I can confidently make individual political decisions without being swayed away by popular media opinion. College has enabled me understand the importance of political tolerance and democracy in the US since I am capable of respecting other people’s political opinions. College faculty has the effect of indoctrinating students consciously since it allows the students to select their own political orientation after offering different views points and perspectives of a certain social issue. For instance, college faculty will outline the controversial debate of issues such as abortion or gun control and outline the arguments advanced by those who are either for or against the controversial societal issue. In this case, I am of the opinion that college faculty guides students in gaining more political awareness by teaching the basic tenets of democracy, freedom, and civil liberties that are outlined in the US Constitution. The faculty does not impose any political thought or attitudes to individual students and is not affiliated with any political party. The aim is to enable the students appreciate the multiple viewpoints of a particular political issue. College education has contributed to my development of a more realistic view of the world and thus I am able to make informed political decision without being influenced by the prevailing public opinion. I now understand the importance of participating in voting in ensuring change in the society or getting certain government policies

Legal tools available at the local level to exploit terrorist Essay

Legal tools available at the local level to exploit terrorist activities - Essay Example All member states are collaboratively called for regionalized comprehensive and integrated regional implementation of counter-terrorism strategies (UN, 2012). As an implication, member states are expected to adopt the counter terrorism plan in for Central Asia and the development of institutional and technical capacities at their respective national territories (UN, 2012). This program includes capability-building to address the need for comprehensive analysis of needs for operational and administrative needs of institutions at the local level to help attain target goals. Margolis (2001) cited that one of the resources that can be exploited by terrorist organization is the media. He cited how Bin Laden optimized media for interviews to sow dissention and to articulate his causes against Iraq. Although his sentiments were not aired in American media but he leveraged by discussing his political position to Muslim-dominated communities to gain sympathy and to pour his political tirade against the United States and its allies. He was the first to laud and express satisfaction when the twin towers of New York fell into ruin.Moreover, Emerson (2011) have cited that terror groups have already produced its own publication to strategically attune itself in this information age and information technology advancement. Emerson (2011) also pointed that those who are info-technology savvy could launch hacking attacks to websites of their perceived enemies.With the advent of online social networking.... This program include capability-building to address the need for comprehensive analysis of needs for operational and administrative needs of institutions at the local level to help attain target goals. Margolis (2001) cited that one of the resources that can be exploited by terrorist organization is the media. He cited how Bin Laden optimized media for interviews to sow dissention and to articulate his causes against Iraq. Although his sentiments were not aired in American media but he leveraged by discussing his political position to Muslim-dominated communities to gain sympathy and to pour his political tirade against United States and its allies. He was the first to laud and express satisfaction when the twin towers of New York fell into ruin. Moreover, Emerson (2011) have cited that terror groups have already produced its own publication to strategically attune itself in this information age and information technology advancement. Emerson (2011) also pointed that those who are in fo-technology savvy could launch hacking attacks to websites of their perceived enemies. With the advent of online social networking, borderless communication and transnational access becomes possible. Department of Homeland Security (2010) pointed that in their study, terror groups can exploit alternative online media to spread propaganda, network operational guidelines, communicate with partners using online tools and chat rooms, and develop web-based database of information to sustain its ideological positions. DHS (2010) recorded that jihadist and mujahideen are increasingly utilizing facebook for propaganda, operational information, which include the distribution of menu about how to make improvised explosive device

Romero (1989) - Religion film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Romero (1989) - Religion film analysis - Essay Example Archbishop Oscar Romero depicted a great hero of the liberation struggle in Latin America during a period referred to as the ‘long dark night’ which lasted from the 1960’s to the 1980’s. To this end, one of the main themes that emerge pertains to liberation theology since Archbishop Romero is depicted as the ‘voice of the oppressed in El Salvador when he reached the pinnacle of the Roman Catholic hierarchy’. Interestingly, Romero achieves the archbishop status at a time when El Salvador is embroiled in injustice and violence. The military forces of El Salvador are fighting against the Marxist guerrilla forces within the country. Incidentally, the ongoing fight against Communism is only oppressing the poor. To this end, the theme of suffering and oppression is evident in the dramatic movie. The image of Romero is of an emboldened man of God who comes out as the voice of the voiceless and oppressed in El Salvador. An example of his brevity is his stance following the assassination of a colleague by the name of Richard Jordan, the torturous murder of another priest by the name of Alejandro Bracho and the murder of a young lady who is a leader of the Christian base community in Lucia Reina. Incidentally, the film shows that Romero begins his role as bishop with the backing of the powerful and rich ruling Catholics in El Salvador such as Ana Alicia who is the wife of the Minister of Agriculture. Representation of Religion in the Film The aspect of religion is evident through the life of Archbishop Romero as he gradually evolves into liberation theologian. Evidently, the film projects the faith in religion even in the face of terror. This is evident in the scene where Archbishop Romero returns with his colleague to the church that was occupied by the military in order to recover the Eucharist. The Eucharist was a symbol of the blood and body of Christ among the Catholics in El Salvador. Furthermore, the Eucharist represented th e dignity of the El Salvadorian community. In this regard, the act of retrieval was a religious and socially significant event by Archbishop Romero. Interestingly, the potential of ultimate liberation of the EL Salvadoran populace is hinged on the capacity to redeem themselves from religiously instigated persecution by their political opponents. Moreover, religion played a pertinent role in the selection of Romero as the archbishop. In this regard, the short period in which Romero served was characterized by political unrest. To this end, those who opposed the radical right section were deemed as Marxist communists and ideal targets for execution. In this regard, the Catholic leadership were comfortable with the appointment of Romero as the archbishop. The Catholic religious leaders wanted a church leader for El Salvador who would not elicit any negative focus towards the Catholic Church. This would essentially guarantee their safety and enduring support for the government. However, following Romero’s appointment, he became more aware of his political duties pertaining to the plight of the lower class in El Salvador. To this end, he experienced increased difficulties in balancing duties of rallying support from his powerful religious colleagues and the helpless poor in society. Comparison of the film with class readings Gutierez in the ‘the task and content of liberation,’ delves into the struggle of Latinas in the liberation struggle during the 1960’s. Evidently, Gutierez focuses on the liberation process for the poor by grassroots Christian communities. In this regard, the author focuses on a theological perspective pertaining to the liberation role of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin populace. In comparison to the film

Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Urban and Suburban Spaces Essay

Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Urban and Suburban Spaces - Essay Example The environment that surrounds the dead, that coldness and loneliness, together with all the mythical ghosts so to say; literally drives fear in me. The fact that a mortuary is a place that, in every way, no matter how one tries to view it or interpret its purpose is a place that harbors or stores corpses is very scary to me. On the other hand, the safest place in the world, in my opinion, is the church. The stillness and serenity that is in the church gives one the sense of purpose and renewed sense in life. This is what gives me the peace to live a full, successful life. The church brings out the good in everything and everyone even death. It gives hope that there is life after death. Although, we may lose loved ones through death, we have the hope of seeing them again in the next life. It teaches us that we should live this life with joy and peace valuing everyone we meet in life because it is this peaceful living, which helps one live a complete and happy life. These two environments are total opposites of one another. One environment is very hostile and unfriendly; the other one is very friendly and serene. The coldness, loneliness and deathly aura that surrounds a mortuary, bring with it the feeling of fear and danger, while the peaceful and serene aura that comes with being in and around the church, brings with it peace and tranquility. These experiences that have showed me the geographical contrast of two situations that in one way or the other, affected my life, showed me that different environments bring out different experiences in one’s life and that all experiences no matter how trivial, affect us, in one way, or the other. The environment does affect how someone lives his or her life. Taking an example of the people living on the sidewalks who are accustomed to the hard surfaces even if their rights to vend there were taken away its been shown

Compensation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compensation - Case Study Example Under the skill factor, the cashier scores two points for experience and ability. Under supervisory, the Cashier scores 2 for fiscal and supervisory responsibilities. Under effort, the cashier scores 2 for physical effort and 3 for mental effort. Under working conditions, the cashier scores 2 for each of the categories. Total points scored are 21 out of 30. Job C: Prepared Food Manager The prepared food manger has executive management roles. The Manager is responsible for the prepared food department. Under skill factor, the manager scores 3 for each of the categories thus experience, education and ability. Under responsibility, the manager scores 3 for fiscal responsibility and 3 for supervisory responsibility. Under mental and physical effort, the manger scores 3 and 2 respectively. Under working conditions, the manager scores 2 for each location, hazard and extreme environment categories. Total score is 26 out of 30. Job D: Back Room Shift Supervisor The shift supervisor is respon sible for supervisory functions during shifts. The shift supervisor scores 3 for education and ability and 2 for experience. Under responsibility, the supervisor scores 1 for fiscal responsibility functions and 3 for supervisory function. Similarly, he scores 2 for location, hazard and extreme environment categories respectively. ... The shift supervisor scores 3 for education and ability and 2 for experience. Under responsibility, the supervisor scores 1 for fiscal responsibility function and 3 for supervisory function. Similarly, he scores 2 for location, hazard and extreme environment categories respectively. Total score is 23 out of thirty. Job G: Prepared Food Department Assistant Manger The prepared food assistant manger has management roles. The assistant manger is responsible for the prepared food department. Under skill factor, the manger scores 3 for each of each of the categories of Experience, education and ability. Under responsibility, the manager scores 2 for fiscal responsibility and 3 for supervisory responsibility. Under mental and physical effort, the manger scores 3 and 2 respectively. Under working conditions, the manager scores 2 for each location, hazard and extreme environment categories. Total score is 25 out of 30. Job H: Store Manager The stores manager rotates among stores offering man agerial assistants to the store team leaders. Under skill factor, the store manager scores 3 for experience, education and ability. In responsibility function the manger scores 3 for the both fiscal and supervisory function. Under mental and physical effort, the manager scores 3 and 2 respectively. Under working conditions, the manager scores 3 for each location, 2 for hazard and extreme and 2 for environment categories. Total score is 27 out of 30. Job I: Back room Staff He does cleaning duties at the back room. He scores 1 for education, 2 for ability and 1 for experience. Scores zero for fiscal and supervisory responsibilities. He scores 3 for location, hazard and extreme

Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Software Engineering - Essay Example ally, this is based on the suppositions, put through continuous discussion and upheld through enduring experience that a disciplined technique to software development brings about fewer flaws and, hence, eventually offers smaller delivery times and enhanced worth (Chapman, 2007). The Java is a widely used synchronized, class-based, robustly typed object-oriented programming language. It is usually compiled and produces the byte-code or object-code instruction set as well as binary format which have been described in the Java Virtual Machine requirement (Oracle, 2010). The object oriented technique points out the objects that refer to the theoretical or tangible things of the actual world. These items are initially described through their quality as well as their characteristics those are signified through their interior framework and their attributes (data). The actions of these items are described through techniques (functionality) (SAP, 2010). Programming is the ability of enabling a computer to perform what you desire it to perform. Programming is an artistic procedure applied by the programmers to initiate a computer on how to perform a job (Bolton, 2011). Software design is a procedure of solving a problem as well as planning for a software solution. In this phase of software development, the idea and specifications of the software are assessed. Afterward software developers employ and design to build up a plan intended for a solution. Moreover, it comprises low-level component as well as algorithm accomplishment issues and the architectural analysis (Reeves, 2005) and (Reeves, 2010). Software development which is also recognized as application development, designing a software, software design, enterprise application development, software application development, and software platform development, is the process of development of a software system. The idea of "software development" can be employed to refer to the ways of computer programming, that is

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay Example for Free

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay Being respectful in class is important to the social structure of the educational environment. Without a certain degree of respect it would distract a lot of our valuable attention, and direct it away from our daily learning. This greatly would hinder our learning abilities and minimizes our educational benefits. The dilemma that we face is that a lot of student to not know how to present the proper behavior in class. The good thing is good classroom educate is an easily obtainable skill, but a perishable skill as well  before we learn how to demonstrate good classroom behavior; we must first learn the benefits of good behavior. Disrespect in class causes havoc and disorderliness. For instance If one were to speak out of turn not only would it upset the follow class mate because they did not get a fair chance to speak, but it would give the impression that other people can speak out of turn as well. If ever one spoke out of turn there would be no way to accomplish any thing. There will be too many interruptions, and some students will miss the opportunity to express their ideas. Respecting other and proper educate is the only way to keep order in the classroom. So how do we establish order in the learning environment? It is too simple. It is vital to speak when called upon, so students can get a fair chance to express their ideas, and solution. Plus this helps to alleviate distracts and annoyances. Talking out of turn is not the only distraction. Students should not get up, or leave on their own accord as well. However it is acceptable to ask to be excused. It is also important to be mindful of other pupil’s thoughts, ideas, emotions, and feeling. Spite, and animosity just agitates the concept of learning. Students should give each other constructive criticism, and listen to each others thoughts. It is also important to address the instructor by title (Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss., Dr., Prof., Sir, Ma’am.), and address all your comments, concerns, and questions towards the instructor in a polite manner. Respectful behavior in classrooms is easy. However just as easy as it is, it is even easier to forget to utilize this skill. One must make a habit of  being respectful. It is a system you must employ on a day-to-day basis. If followed the method and example of classroom educate I have previously displayed will help make a more relaxing, and less stressful learning environment.

Art Gallery Review Essay Example for Free

Art Gallery Review Essay I went to the Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas, located on 3275 Industrial road (major cross-street Desert Inn) which opened in August of 2008. At the museum it holds, erotic art, exhibits, different timelines and a lot of illustrated history of erotica. There were many tasteful pieces of artwork, whether it be painting, magazine covers, posters, figures, and sculptures. I was also very excited to have actually seen the piece called â€Å"Venus of Willendorf† that is featured in our book on page 164. I took my time looking at all the different pictures to see which I would choose from to write about. Then I observed one, it was untitled, made in 2008 and the artists name is Fang. I did research on the artist and did not find much on her other than the fact that she is called â€Å"The ugly artist†. Fangs paintings have a BDSM feel for them and use acrylic on canvas. The particular picture I seen was of two beautiful women, one was dominant and the other a submissive. Both women had contour lines to show their figures off. Most of the colors were very vivid and had high intensity in it. The dominant woman wore a under bust patent leather type of corset with attached panties, and matching knee high stiletto boots. The submissive was totally undressed except for a shiny red o ring posture collar. The dominant woman had spider web tattoos on each shoulder that a spider connected to underneath her neckline. Both women had beautiful long flowing lines of black hair, with blue highlights. Bright red lipstick on both women and dark smoky eye makeup. The dominant woman’s facial expression was of confidence and superiority, while the submissive woman looked upwards as if to gain a sense of approval. The second picture that caught my eye was in the elevator going to the second floor. It is called â€Å"Love is an elevator†. It was a photograph on canvas and was done by a man named Richard Rasner. This picture was like a grid pattern due to the elevator setup and was very low intensity on the colors. It was mostly different shades of browns and light brown with hints of red. The picture was taken of the inside of an elevator with a female standing in front of a mirror that was inside the elevator with the door open as she looked back at the opening. She was gorgeous and seductively staring as if she was trying to lure someone into the elevator with her. She wore black lingerie and thigh high stockings. The painting was donated a year after the opening of the museum and didn’t have much more information. I did find out the same title â€Å"Love is an elevator† is a song by the rock band called Aerosmith. Another lovely painting I was drawn to on the second floor of this huge museum was by Fried Pa’l. He is known for painting beautiful nude women with oil on canvas. The colors of this piece are neutral, and low intensity browns throughout most of the painting. It shows this beautiful, confident, yet flirty woman lying on a neutral colored background of saturated colors. Her figure has contour lines to define her body shape. She has pale colored skin, light pink nipples, light golden brown hair which she has one of her hands in. Her makeup colors are turquoise eye shadow, and coral colored lipstick. Her expression says to me â€Å"I know I am beautiful, and you desire to be with me†. Even though you said to only do three I saw another picture definitely worth writing about. It was simply painted pink and white with acrylic on canvas, no title and not signed. However it was donated to the museum by Ron McCallister when he passed away. Ron McCallister was Walt Disney’s best friend. If you look at the pictures Walt Disney has done, he always puts light bubbles everywhere in his art and you can tell his brush strokes. He wasn’t the best artist and this picture definitely could be his work. It was a picture of a pink male penis on the left of the painting and on the right was of an open mouth with the tongue on the tip of the penis. This is said to be the only erotic art Walt Disney has ever produced because he knew his best friend was into erotic art. Overall my experience at the Erotic Heritage museum was very pleasant, nothing too distasteful. I found this place to be comical, and a great place to get knowledge about sexual behavior. There were many different pictures and news clippings, and information on the erotica. There were lots of statues and old art showing different cultures views on sex. There were different views of women’s vaginas on the walls and also homosexuality views as well. I also saw the first â€Å"vibrator† as we call it today but back then it was the fifth electronic appliance. I enjoyed all of the art that I reviewed about for all the uniqueness of it overall. Throughout the whole two floors of the museum I was not disgusted by any of it mostly because I have a very open mind and think â€Å"outside the box†. It all was displayed very well throughout the museum and all of the staff was very helpful.

Environmental Sustainability in Hotel Industry

Environmental Sustainability in Hotel Industry The project is related to the sustainability of environment in the hotel industry on the basis of waste management, and by taking other concepts from existing hotel industries. The ultimate aim is dependent on many of the vital stages of the thesis like environmental practices in hotel industry, assessment of different tactics of waste reduction in kitchen area, their importance, need for environmental sustainability etc. Research was performed to understand closely the environmental concerns of the hotel industry and recent development and trends in the same. A deep literature review was performed to evaluate the current stages of sustainable development in the environment and it indicates a lot of work has been done and lot has to be done in the field of hospitality industry especially in the hotel segment. According to eco-hotels, concept of sustainable environment is becoming familiar as days go by. The analysis of hotel was purposefully done to get an idea about the preferences in customer demands so as to get the main drivers of the market. Waste management is very useful in identifying the weaker points related to the environmental concerns and impacts. It helps to prioritize different aspects of environmental study. INTRODUCTION: The concept of Sustainability is not new to us. It is the capacity to endure. Now a days because of global warming, tourism and hospitality industry are facing so many problems. It is essential for us to know each and every factor which affects hospitality industry positively or negatively. Now tourists are very concerned about environmental issues. They are demanding eco products, places which are managed in environmentally-aware or friendly manner. But again in hotel industry it is very difficult to convince guest to use eco products or recycled products. Because guests think if they pay a high price for one night stay, why should they compromise with the facilities provided. For example, if guest pays 150 GBP a day and hotel asks the guest to reuse same bed sheet or towel for 2 days then the hotel should reduce room rate. Again the customers reactions to the customer experiences are main concern for the service industry. This is all about environmental sustainability. Ryan (2002) states, future tourism must be concerned with more than just sustainability. Perhaps, after three decades of academics and planning literature on sustainability, we might change our view and speak of sustainable value creation for each of the tourist, the tourist industry and communities. Sustainability is not only about environment. There are four main types of sustainability: human, social, economical and environmental. Out of the four, concentrating on environmental sustainability is the need of the hour. United Nations defines it as: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Environmental sustainability maintains the balance between social and economical development keeping in mind environmental protection. As we all know that the hotels are a part of the tourism industry. For Tourism industry it is very essential to protect our environment i.e. Environmental Sustainability. So we can automatically sustain the hotel industry. The hotel industry is correctly managed in protected areas, and it can become an effective instrument and an economic resource towards conservation. The main factors affecting an organisation in its effort to improve its market share involve hoteliers, consumers and employees in ways that contribute to an eco friendly environment. This proposed study will serve to offer such an understanding of these environmental demands in regards to the Hotel industry and potential/existing organisational success based on proper focus surrounding them. There are a number of hotels which are participating in environmental programmes. Ecotourism destinations tend to be self destructive and risky due to improper audits and environmental assessments. Sustainable hotel operations are the once that aim at minimizing their impact on surrounding natural environment and society. Environmental management in hotels is that minimises the impact of hotel practices on environment such as. BACKGROUND OF STUDY: In the last decade of the 20th century, incorporation of environmental sustainability began in the hotel industry. This philosophy changed into an agenda. This was developed into Agenda 21 which is a programme run by the United Nations and is related to sustainable development. This was the first summit that discusses global warming issues. One of the projects launched in 1995 within the framework of Agenda 21 i.e. Sustainable Salen. The main aim of this project was to relate to the threat of erosion of some slope, waste management and waste water treatment within Salen area. With the adoption of Agenda 21, hotel industry was also encouraged to adopt practices which helped in environmental sustainability. [Halme M. [emailprotected] LEARNING FOR SUSTAINABILE DEVELOPMENT IN TOURISM NETWORKS. JAN 2001.] Now more and more hotels are taking part in sustainability practices to reduce their impact on nature. *Around 80% of European hoteliers are involved in this environmental programme. Like promotion of eco products, energy conservation programme, waste management programme, recycling, reusing product etc. But again this helps in increasing the profit levels of the organisation by controlling the expenditures. This is for the organisations benefit. But looking for an environmental benefit what are the measures hotels take internally. Hotels should identify areas for improvement and innovation at the property level and support the efforts of the Green Teams at each of the departments. Work diligently to minimize the organisational waste stream and conserve natural resources like water, energy, and food as well. STUDY RATIONALE Environmental Sustainability is required for the protection of the natural resources. Because of pollution, population these resources are on the way of vanishing. Human activities are responsible for these problems. They are using these resources in an improper way which is the cause for global warming. It is a big issue in front of the world and because of those historic monuments are damaged and places of visit are polluted and the flow of visitors is decreasing. As studying about this industry it is very essential to know each and every factor which affects positively and negatively on hotel industry. As we all know that again the hotel industry is a part of environment. If hotel industry is correctly managed in protected areas it can become an effective instrument and an economic resource toward conservation. In terms of learning about sustainability development it seems that there need to be stakeholders to make wider understanding of it. So now hotels are also taking efforts t o improve its employees share in ways that they contribute for eco friendly environment. Kitchen is an area where the most of the waste is produced compared to the other departments of the hotel. This area was neglected some years ago but now most of the hoteliers are focusing to treat the waste in kitchen area. This proposed study will serve to offer such an understanding of these environmental demands in regards to the hotel industry and existing organisational successes in waste management programme in kitchen department based on proper focus surrounding them. 1.4. OBJECTIVES: Previous study has identified waste management as a key with respect to the environmental sustainability in hotel industry. Therefore waste management, which includes the recycling, reuse etc., plays a crucial role in the success of environmental sustainability in hotel industry. This study is concerned with the kitchen waste management practices in hotel sector. The selection of kitchen area particularly because a number of studies have noted a significant performance in other department like Housekeeping and Front Office etc. than kitchen. This lag has been largely attributed to the lack of attention or participation of staff in kitchen area. The dissertation is therefore concerned with the reasons for this lag and how they might be addressed based on investigation in this area. Following are some of the objectives which we have examine To assess the need for Environmental Policies and Management in the hotel sector. To evaluate the current situation with regard to environmental policies and actions in the hotel sector. To undertake a case study focusing on waste management in hotel kitchens in order to assess a. The effectiveness of current environmental management practices b. The barriers to further improvement in waste management practices c. The factors influencing attitudes of kitchen staff to waste management practices 4. To assess the contribution that waste management can make to environmental sustainability in the hotel sector 5. To make recommendations on how waste management practices in the hotel sector can be improved. 1.5 DISSERTATION STRUCTURE: This dissertation consists of six chapters in which main subjects about environmental sustainability are outlined and analysed. This dissertation starts with the execute summary in which the whole dissertation is explained briefly. First chapter is Introduction where the aims and objectives, background as well as the structure of this study are described which give a main scenario in this particular subject. Chapter two consists of Literature Review where the previous research is critically reviewed for the good understanding of environmental sustainability and waste management concept, theory and new trends which came into the hotel industry that are very essential and relevant with this study. Different authors research and thoughts serve very informative about environmental sustainability as well as their importance. This chapter represents the deep study and conceptual framework related topic leading to the research. Chapter three is the methodology of this dissertation. It is about how the research is done, what are the strategies used, sampling of data, case study approach with the evidence of case study and procedures of interviews are introduced in this chapter. Finally the research model is presented at the end of this chapter. Chapter four demonstrate the finding and analysis of the data collected from interviews. This analysis of data collection is the stem for conclusion and recommendation. Chapter five is about result of finding and analysis. This study outlines some important recommendation and limitations of the case study as well as some suggestions for future research. The flow of this study is illustrated in Figure 1. Identify Research topic and Research Questions Critically Review Literature Develop Conceptual Framework Selection of Methodology Data Collection Sample Selection Secondary Data Primary Data Analysis of Data Presenting Findings and Results Conclusion, recommendation, and Suggestions for Future Research 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this chapter is to identify and review the relevance of previous literature in order to better understand environmental sustainability and waste management programme in hotel industry. This chapter is divided into seven sections. The second section presents a brief summary of the Sustainable development in hotel industry. Third section focuses on environmental management in hotel sector. Section four argues about the motivation for ISO 14001 in hotels and other environmental certifications. Section five introduces the waste management definition and concept. Section six examines the role of waste management programme in hotel sector. And lastly chapter seven focuses on the kitchen department and waste management in kitchen area. 2.2 ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT IN HOTEL INDUSTRY: The term sustainability first came into existence used in 1970s when more attention was given to taking care of environment and overutilization of it. The most common used definition was named by the World Commission on Environment and development in 1983. Later in the year 1987, this report called as Brundtland report. According to Brundtland report, Sustainability Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It is also explained by John Elkington in the book Cannibal with Forks that it is a triple bottom line which covers factors like economic, environmental and social. In practical terms, company should not only consider the financial benefits but also look at the environmental and social functioning. A Sustainability Development, though it is a vital component of profitability for hotel industry today and an opportunity for the industry, again it is about meeting the ever-increasing chal lenges due to environmental, social, economic and technological changes that are faced by hotel sectors. Sustainability is a crying need for hotel industry on the path of rapid economic growth. Practitioner should emphasise the efforts of hospitality business to promote sustainable development by conserving natural and cultural resources on which hospitality industry depend. The simple and easy to understand definition of Sustainability Development is the 3Ps acronym: Profit, People, and Planet. It means profit is for people on the planet. *But planet is at risk. Approximately 6 million people are at risk due to natural disasters like flooding and droughts. Climate change is a big problem which is concern for this risk. Our planets natural resources are on the way of vanishing. Human activities are responsible for overutilization of these resources. People should focus on renewable resources rather than non-renewable such as solar, water, etc. Now governments, consumer groups, non-g overnment organizations are taking part to make awareness of this programme and to educate people about this. In recent years, Sustainable Development has taken centre stage in the hospitality industry. So much has been written and spoken about sustainability, but not much has done for the implementation of sustainability practices. There are very few examples about sustainable initiatives There is a need of more critical evaluation of existing things and techniques in the area of sustainability. The main purpose of sustainability development is to secure economic development, social equity and environmental protection and they are interdependent on each other. As we are not sure about our future, but it should be preferably sustainable one. 2.3 An Overview of Environmental Management in Hotel Sector: There are currently a number of significant environmental threats which creating risk for future generation like the green house effect and depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, over-consumption of non-renewable resources and global air pollution, etc. The hotel industry discovers many of the conflicts which arise when carrying out environmental policies. Hotel is industry which comes more contact with people and can make more awareness of environmental management programme Environment Management is management of an organization in such a way that it will reduce or eliminate the negative impact on the environment without having any harmful impact on our future generation. In other words its fulfilling the present needs without harming the future generation needs. In this era of time all the different types of industries are trying to step forward and help prevent or minimize the negative impact on the environment for the betterment of the future. Our Hotel Sector is one of those industries which have been taking very active participation in this area. Hotel industry as compare to the other big production industries has a relatively less impact to the environment and as the people have started realizing the importance of the environment impact so its a kind of way to improve the image of the brand in front of the guests and also a way to help the environment. In order to carry out the environment management properties carry out an audit which helps them to understand the scope and areas where they can implement new standards. Many properties form a committee which meets on a periodical basis and discuss policies and standards to improve the system. Government have also started many rewards which motivates the properties to take active part in the environment management. As any rewards achieved will help to improve the brand image and as this generation is more interested towards the environment friendly things so it helps the property to improve their image and get more business. Some of the methods followed in our industries to help improve environment management are: Conserving natural resources Recycling Waste reduction Raising environment awareness among guests and the associates Reduction of pollution Importance of environment management: Focuses on continual improvement of the system Environment Management helps cost control. As many properties have implemented recycling policies for example glass, plastic, office paper, printer and copy machine toner cartridges. In guest rooms many hotels have a recycling container which gives the guest a opportunity to be a part of the good work. Provides a systematic way of managing an organizations environmental affairs Water conservation is a very good option in this management. Hotels have started to recycle the water with proper treatment and use of low flow. Restrictors on faucets and showerheads which help to save a lot of water. Use of low-flow fixtures saves a thousand of gallons per year. Training the staff in a proper way will help to carry out this process in effective way and awarding their efforts to help the environment will make the staff more interest in putting their efforts in to it. Encouraging the guests to take part in helping the environment by using good green choice programs which will make them interested to take part in to it will also help to reach our ultimate goal. Menu planning to reduce waste food It is a system which serves as a tool to improve environmental performance Gives order and consistency for organizations to address environmental concerns through the allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and processes 2.4 Motivation for ISO 14001 in the hotel industry: The 1SO 14001 is a standard for Environment Management System (EMS) which is developed by International Organization for Standardization. It is for all types of business and organization. It is a nongovernment organization launched in 1947. The ISO 14001 EMS is with the specification of guidance for use. According to Tibor Feldman (1996) T. Tibor and I. Feldman, ISO 14000: a guide to the new environmental management standards (pp. 237), Irwin Professional Publishing, Chicago (1996).Tibor Feldman, 1996, ISO 14000 standards were developed mainly in response to the development of national EMS standards in various countries, which forced companies to deal with dozens of potentially incompatible systems from each country in which they conducted business. There are number of hotels like Inter-Continental, Marriott, Hilton International, Ramada and Holiday Inn Worldwide have taken initiative by adopting environmental programmes to protect our planet. There are various reasons for to adopt this programme. Hotel sector can reduce their impact by implementing environmental programmes like water, energy and material conservation and reducing operating cost. By doing so, they could also achieve company image and customer satisfaction. 2.5 An introduction to waste management 2.5.1 Definition It is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each 2.5.2 Concept of Waste Management There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include: Waste Hierarchy: This hierarchy generally based upon the following 3R concept a} Reduce b} Reuse c} Recycle. This classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. This will use as a most useful technique in todays era and which is a cost effective too. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. Polluters Pay Principle: In this concept the waste generator has to bear the cost of waste disposal and generally he has to bear the cost which compensates the harm caused to the environment. According to the waste management, the producer of the waste has to pay/compensates against waste decomposition charges. Extended producer responsibility : Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. In this the manufacturer has to bear the all charges which are responsible for all waste produced during each phase of it like waste produced during manufacturing, packaging, selling. In this system producer has the liability of the waste generated throughout the life cycle of the product. According to the diagram which is above shows that the two approaches to the waste management: Most favoured option This contains the methods which are generally used so that it will make the waste disposal easy. They are Prevention Reduce or minimisation Reuse Recycle Least favoured option This contains the methods which are generally not used because of the expensiveness or not easily accessible or may be these methods are land, capital, time, and labour consuming. These are two viz energy recovery and disposal. 2.5.3 Procedure The few basic principles to reduce solid waste to be followed by every nation: (Jonkoping, Swedan, 1993) Reduce the amount of thrash discarded Reduce the amount of unnecessary packaging Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity Reuse containers and products Consider reusable products Maintain and repair durable products Reuse bags, containers and other items Borrow, rent or share items used infrequently Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them Recycle -use recycled materials and compost Choose recycle products and recycle them Select products from recycled materials Compost yard trimmings and some food scraps Respond to the solid waste dilemma by reconsidering waste-producing activities and by expressing preferences for less waste Educate others on source reduction and recycling practices Make your preferences known to manufactures, merchants and community leaders Be -creativefind new ways to reduce waste quantity and toxicity 2.5.3 Importance 2.6 Role of Hotel industry in Waste Management Programmes 2.7 Hotel Waste Management in Kitchen area CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction: This chapter talks about the methodology used by the researcher for this study. This mainly focuses on the research objective and defines the specific guideline which helps to researcher for the research design, research methods and approach, process, strategy, sources of data collections, sampling issues and procedures for interviews, etc. In short this chapter illustrates the concept which used for primary and secondary data collection. According to Sekaran (1992), research has been defined as: An organised systematic, data based, critical, scientific enquiry and investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the objective of finding answers or solutions to it. -Sekaran (1992) The research methodology of the present dissertation is influenced and structured by the process onion, which was introduced by Saunders et al. (2003). In order to write the methodology this section divided into five sections which provides clear explanation about the dissertation research process. 3.1 Research Philosophy: A research philosophy represents a researchers perception of the way knowledge is constructed (Saunders et al., 2003). There are three philosophies which we can use for dissertation such as positivism, interpretivism and realism philosophies. It is very important to clear the research philosophy which is a base for methodological framework. The philosophy, which is used in this dissertation, is interpretivism philosophy. It means where researcher can focus on exploring the topic by the application of critical interpretations and gradually establishing research conclusions (Remenyi et al., 1998). 3.2 Research Approach: There are two distinctive research approaches such as inductive and deductive. This research usually associated with qualitative research method. This method is chosen in this study because it is good way to collect deep knowledge and detailed data to preserve the entire view of participant in the case study. Much of data is taken from the previous literature while to find out current trends primary research method is used like interviews and observation, etc. 3.3 Research Strategy: In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. A research strategy is a tool which is uses for exploring a research questions. There are six strategies which uses in dissertation such as survey, grounded theory, action research, experiment, ethnography and case study (Saunders et al., 2003). The present research is a case study on Waste Management in Kitchen Area. According to Merriam (1998), if writers want to get an understanding of the situation in depth, a case study approach is a good choice. The case study approach is flexible to allow researcher to develop the research question during the research. This research is mainly focuses on extracting knowledge through literature review. Then the second step is taking in-depth interviews to collect data which is called primary research method. 3.4 Time Horizon: Another essential factor in research process is Time Horizon. There are two distinctive time horizons such as longitudinal and cross-sectional. The present dissertation has longitudinal time horizon as it is appropriate for case study approach research and data collection. A longitudinal research is a process which studies particular factor for given period of time as it constructs the ability to conduct a long term study. 3.5 Data Collection Method: In order to identify the waste management practices in the hotel industry, case study approach is used to explore the environmental programmes run by the hotel industry and their role in these practices. The present dissertation incorporates the case study research strategy and in-depth interviews. In this respect, it can be concluded that the present study is built on a combination of secondary and primary data. This both methods are depending upon each other as secondary data provides good theoretical framework whereas primary data leads to the address the most important issues in the present circumstance. 3.5.1 Secondary Data: The secondary data used described as multiple source of data collection. To identify the concept of environmental sustainability secondary data from journals, articles and hotels will be used. From this Waste management concept will be understood. Work by various accepted authors like Herve Houdre, Abraham Pizam, Philip Sloan, Joseph S. Chen, Willy Legrand, Sasikumar Gopi Krishna, etc. have been argue upon to reach an agreement. Thus, the researchers are investigating more into this matter to sustain the environment and hotel industry. 3.5.2 Primary Data: According to Sekaran (1902), primary data is a search for the information in order to build up the researchers understanding towards the area of the subject. This data is extracted through the taking in-depth interviews, survey and by observations. 3.5.2.1 The Researcher Observation Data: The researcher is also working in hotel sector and therefore able to collect data by practical experience and observation. Therefore, as employee of Hotel Crown Plaza, Wembley, London (Five star Hotel) and working in food and beverage department observer was able to collect data from kitchen area by observation. 3.5.2.2 Interviews: Interviews can be formalised and structured. It can be formal and informal conversation. According to Guion (2006, p1), an in-depth interview is an open-ended which is also known as unstructured interview. It is a common data collection method for discovery oriented study. For in-depth interviews analysis of different levels of hotels will be done. For that four types of hotels were studied like five star, four star, three star and private hotel. In this case study researcher has used unstructured and structured interviews. Due to some reasons like lack of acceptance from the five star hotel management, researcher couldnt take live interviews in each and every hotel; therefore researcher used the structured interview by email to interviewee. In four stars and in private hotels, researcher has taken live interviews which were unstructured. A questionnaire with both closed and open ended questions have used. Using a structured and unstructured interview, the roles of kitchen department in waste management programme in hotels industry will be identified. Interview was related to kitchen employee participation inside the hotel and attitude towards waste management programme outside the hotel. Are they keeping same attitude outside the hotel like when they are at work. The questionnaire made to discover the perspective of kitchen staff about environmental sustainability and waste management programme in hotel sector. Interview was conducted with head chef who is responsible for implementation and observation of the waste management programme in kitchen area. Interview is also conducted with two commi chef and one kitchen porter who are participating in this programme. On the basis of collected data the analysis and comparison was done which served the actual position of hotel industry in terms of environmental programme and what measures should be taken to improve this practice. The result of all this will help in analyzing the status of sustainability in hotel sector. Employees serve a vital important role in environmental programmes in hotels. Suitable education and training not only increases knowledge but also elevates their awareness of environment protection which supports resource conservation. 3.5.2.3 Survey: Survey is a detailed study about specific area

A Study Of Wordsworths Poetry Essays -- essays research papers

A Study of Wordsworth's Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wordsworth poetry derives its strength from the passion with which he views nature. Wordsworth has grown tired of the world mankind has created, and turns to nature for contentment. In his poems, Wordsworth associates freedom of emotions with natural things. Each aspect of nature holds a different meaning for Wordsworth. 'The beauty of morning; silent, bare' (5:WB*)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A main source of interest for Wordsworth is the absence of an unnatural presence, such as a city. In his sonnet, 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802', Wordsworth views London at the break of dawn, admiring the serenity and artistic impact of the scenery. 'A sight so touching in its majesty;' (4:WB) He finds it an almost spiritual experience by simply observing the stillness of morning. 'Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;' (13:WB)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just as Wordsworth finds fulfillment in nature, he also finds disgust in the world's neglect of nature. His sonnet, 'The World Is Too Much with Us' deals primarily with his dissatisfaction with the world.Wordsworth criticizes mankind for misdirecting its abilities. 'Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers' (2:TW) Wordsworth also hopes that the world would find more of itself in nature, similar to his desire for his sister in his poem, 'Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey', to gain an interest in nature. 'For this, for everythin...

Lewis Carrolls Alice In Wonderland Essay -- Lewis Carroll Alice In Wo

Lewis Carroll's Alice In Wonderland â€Å"So she sat on, with closed eyes, and half believed herself in Wonderland, though she knew she had but to open them again, and all would change to dull reality . . .† (Carroll 119). Wonderland: a place where everything is different and the imagination is free to roam wild. A place where it does not matter how big a person is, but the intellect that is in a person. Existing in the dreams of children everywhere, wonderland is a place of escape, causing a person to think in new, different ways: a place like no other. Through his novel, Alice’s Adventure’s in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll captures and writes about a little girl’s adventures through her own dreamland. Upon waking up and telling her sister about her dream, her sister contemplates on wonderland, feeling as if she can throw her troubles away and escape to its enchantment. However, being older and having more responsibilities than Alice, she is forced to return to reality. But will the wonder land leave Alice forever? Wonderland is a place of the imagination that makes a person question all that is around him but gradually minimizes with age. Wonderland is a place of enchantment. Nothing is as it should be. Everything that a person has come to expect in reality becomes questioned until he begins doubting who he really is. When Alice first embarks on her journey through wonderland, she too wonders if she has changed instead of her surroundings: â€Å"Dear, dear! How queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual, I wonder if I’ve changed in the night? Let me think: was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if I’m not the same, the next question i... ...composed of a fifty-two deck of playing cards, taking on daily roles as painters and royalty, nothing is how it seems in reality. Wonderland is a place far from the life Alice is used to living. Wonderland is a place of imagination for children of all ages. When Alice’s sister awakens from her mini-dream about Alice’s wonderland, she hopes that Alice will be able to keep this imagination with her as she grows up. She wishes Alice to be able to make other children’s â€Å"eyes bright and eager with many a strange tale† (Carroll 120). Although the novel she reads in the park with Alice no longer has the pictures that Alice enjoys reading, her sister still carries a part of wonderland with her hidden waiting to expose itself. Works Cited Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventure’s in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1999.

Review of Monsters Are Due On Maple Street :: essays research papers

?The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street? is a story about the paranoia of regular people. When the power and phone lines stop working on Maple Street, the residents become hostile. One boy puts an idea into their heads: that aliens impersonating humans have done it. This single thought catalysts and soon all of the neighbors are ready to hurt each other for answers. ?The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street? is a good play to see for all ages. The play is so relatable to viewers because the characters are the kind of people everyone knows. Steve Brand is the sensible character. He, alone, is the person who keeps level-headed throughout the entire ordeal. He addresses each development rationally and tries to keep everyone together. Charlie starts out as a friendly neighbor, but soon turns into the leader of the witch hunt. He even kills someone in his pursuit to find a scapegoat. He and the rest of the people on Maple Street become dangerously defensive once they?re willing to hurt another human being. The play teaches are very important lesson on being too cautious. When faced with a small problem like a power outage, the residents of a small town turn on each other. It shows how vulnerable and paranoid humans can be. At the end of the play, the narrator says that this is something that could happen among humans anywhere, it is not just confined to the ?Twilight Zone?. This is a departure from most other episodes, which end, ?only in the Twilight Zone?. This show, which broadcasted during the Cold War, is meant to demonstrate horrible things that could come from people being too paranoid and distrustful. This is a lesson which is still relevant today. Though the acting and dialogue seem to appeal to an older audience, young viewers can still enjoy and learn from this play. Prejudices, suspicion, and thoughtlessness are as prevalent as ever. For any problem, humans will look for a scapegoat. The War on Terror seems to bring similar feelings as those around during the Cold War. The lesson of trusting other people is as relevant now as it was in 1960, when the show originally aired.

Carrie Chapter Six

‘Ewen, four years,' Grayle overrode him. ‘Graduation slated June seventy-nine; next month. Tested I.Q. of a hundred and forty. Eighty-three average. Nonetheless, I see she's been accepted at Oberlin. I'd guess someone – probably you, Mr Hargensen – has been yanking some pretty long strings. Seventy-four assigned detentions. Twenty of those have been for harassment of misfit pupils, I might add. Fifth wheels, I understand that Chris's clique calls them Mortimer Snurds. They find it all quite hilarious. She skipped out on fifty-one of those assigned detentions. At Chamberlain Junior High, one suspension for putting a firecracker in a girl's shoe †¦ the note on the card says that little prank almost cost a little girl named Irma Swope two toes. The Swope girl has a harelip, I understand. I'm talking about your daughter, Mr Hargensen. Does that tell you anything?' ‘Yes,' Hargensen said, rising. A thin flush had suffused his features, ‘It tells me I'll see you in court. And when I'm done with you, you'll be lucky to get a job selling encyclopedias door to door.' Grayle also rose, angrily, and the two men faced each other across the desk ‘Let it be court, then,' Grayle said. He noted a faint flick of surprise on Hargensen's face, crossed his fingers, and went in for what he hoped would be a knockout – or at least a TKO that would save Desjardin's job and take this silk-ass son of a bitch down a notch. ‘You apparently haven't realized all the implications of in loco parentis in this matter, Mr Hargensen. The same umbrella that covers your daughter also covers Carrie White. And the minute you file for damages on the grounds of physical and verbal abuse, we will cross-file against your daughter on those same grounds for Carrie White.' Hargensen's mouth dropped open, then closed, ‘You can't get away with a cheap gimmick like that, you-‘ ‘Shyster lawyer? Is that the phrase you were looking for?' Grayle smiled grimly. ‘I believe you know your way out, Mr Hargensen. The sanctions against your daughter stand. If you care to take the matter further, that is your right.' Hargensen crossed the room stiffly, paused as if to add something, then left, barely restraining himself from the satisfaction of a hard doorslam. Grayle blew out breath. It wasn't hard to see where Chris Hargensen came by her self-willed stubbornness. A. P. Morton entered a minute later. ‘How did it go?' ‘Time'll tell, Morty,' Grayle said. Grimacing, he looked at the twisted pile of paper clips. ‘He was good for seven clips, anyway. That's some kind of record.' ‘Is he going to make it a civil matter?' ‘Don't know. It rocked him when I said we'd counter sue. ‘I bet it did.' Morton glanced at the phone on Grayle's desk. ‘It's time we let the superintendent in on this bag of garbage, isn't it?' ‘Yes,' Grayle said, picking up the phone. ‘Thank God my unemployment insurance is paid up.' ‘Me too,' Morton said loyally. From The Shadow Exploded (appendix Ill): Carrie White passed in the following short verse as a poetry assignment in the seventh grade. Mr Edwin King, who had Carrie for grade seven English, says: ‘I don't know why I saved it. She certainly doesn't stick out in my mind as a superior pupil, and this isn't a superior verse. She was very quiet and I can't remember her ever raising her hand even once in class. But something in this seemed to cry out.' Jesus watches from the wall. But his face is cold as stone. And if he loves me – As she tells me Why do I feel so all alone? The border of the paper on which this little verse is written is decorated with a great many cruciform figures which almost seem to dance †¦ Tommy was at baseball practice Monday afternoon, and Sue went down to the Kelly Fruit Company in The Centre to wait for him. Kelly's was the closest thing to a high school hangout the loosely sprawled community of Chamberlain could boast since Sheriff Doyle had closed the rec centre following a large drug bust. It was run by a morose fat man named Hubert Kelly who dyed his hair black and complained constantly that his electronic pacemaker was on the verge of electrocuting him. The place was a combination grocery, soda fountain and gas station-there Was a rusted Jenny pump out front that Hubie had never bothered to change when the company merged. He also sold beer, cheap wine, dirty books, and a wide selection of obscure cigarettes such as Mirads, King Sano, and Marvel Straights. The soda fountain was a slab of real marble, and there were four or five booths for kids unlucky enough or friendless enough to have no place to go and get drunk or stoned. An ancient pinball machine that always tilted on the third ball stuttered lights on and off in the back beside the rack of dirty books. When Sue walked in she saw Chris Hargensen immediately. She was sitting in one of the back booths. Her current amour, Billy Nolan, was looking through the latest issue of Popular Mechanix at the magazine rack. Sue didn't know what a rich, Popular girl like Chris saw in Nolan, who was like some strange time traveller from the 1950s with his greased hair, zipper-bejewelled leather jacket, and manifold-bubbling Chevrolet road machine. ‘Sue!' Chris hailed, ‘come on over!' Sue nodded and raised a hand, although dislike rose in her throat like a paper snake. Looking at Chris was like looking through a slanted doorway to a place where Carrie White crouched with hands over her head. Predictably she found her own hypocrisy (inherent in the wave and the nod) incomprehensible and sickening. Why couldn't she just cut her dead? ‘A dime root beer,' she told Hubie. Hubie had genuine draft root beer, and he served it in huge, frosted 1890s mugs. She had been looking forward to tipping a long one while she read a paper novel and waited for Tommy – in spite of the havoc the root beers raised with her complexion, she was hooked. But she wasn't surprised to find she'd lost her taste for this one. ‘How's your heart, Hubie?' she asked. ‘You kids,' Hubie said, scraping the head off Sue's beer with a table knife and filling the mug the rest of the way. ‘You don't understand nothing. I plugged in my electric razor this morning and got a hundred a ten volts right through this pacemaker. You kids don't know what that's like, am I right?' ‘I guess not.' ‘No, Christ Jesus forbid you should ever have to find out. How long can my old ticket take it? You kids'll all find out when I buy the farm and those urban renewal poops turn this place into a parking lot. That's a dime.' She pushed her dime across the marble. ‘Fifty million volts right up the old tubes,' Hubie said darkly, and stared down at the small bulge in his breast pocket. Sue went over and slid carefully into the vacant side of Chris's booth. She was looking exceptionally pretty, her black hair held by a shamrock-green band and a tight basque blouse that accentuated her firm, upthrust breasts. ‘How are you, Chris?' ‘Bitchin' good,' Chris said a little too blithely. ‘You heard the latest? I'm out of the prom. I bet that cocksucker Grayle loses his job, though.' Sue had heard the latest. Along with everyone at Ewen. ‘Daddy's suing them,' Chris went on. Over her shoulder; ‘Billeee! Come over here and say hi to Sue.' He dropped his magazine and sauntered over, thumbs booked into his side-hitched garrison belt, fingers dangling limply toward the stuffed crotch of his pegged levis. Sue felt a wave of unreality surge over her and fought an urge to put her hands to her face and giggle madly. ‘Hi, Suze,' Billy said. He slid in beside Chris and immediately began to massage her shoulder. His face was utterly blank. He might have been testing a cut of beef. ‘I think we're going to crash the prom anyway,' Chris said. ‘As a protest or something.' ‘Is that right?' Sue was frankly startled. ‘No,' Chris replied, dismissing it, ‘I don't know.' Her face suddenly twisted into in expression of fury, as abrupt and surprising as a tornado funnel. ‘That goddamned Carrie White! I wish she'd taken her goddam holy joe routine and stuff it straight up her ass!' ‘You'll get over it,' Sue said. ‘If only the rest of you had walked out with me †¦ Jesus Sue, why didn't you? We could have had them by the balls. I never figured you for an establishment pawn.' Sue felt her face grow hot. ‘I don't know about anyone else, but I wasn't being anybody's pawn. I took the punishment because I thought I earned it. We did a suck-off thing. End of statement.' ‘Bullshit. That fucking Carrie runs around saying everyone but her and her gilt-edged momma are going to bell and you can stick up for her? We should have taken those rags and stuffed them down her throat.' ‘Sure. Yeah. See you around, Chris.' She pushed out of the booth. This time it was Chris who coloured the blood slammed to her face in a sudden rush, as if a red cloud had passed over some inner sun. ‘Aren't you getting to be the Joan of Arc around here! I seem to remember you were in there pitching with the rest of us.' ‘Yes,' Sue said trembling. ‘But I stopped.' ‘Oh, aren't you just it?' Chris marvelled. ‘Oh my yes. Take your root beer with you. I'm afraid I might touch it and turn to gold.' She didn't take her root beer. She turned and half-walked, half-stumbled out. The upset inside her was very great, too great yet for either tears or anger. She was a getalong girl, and it was the first fight she had been in, physical or verbal, since grade-school pigtail pulling. And it was the first time in her life that she had actively espoused a Principle. And of course Chris had hit her in just the right place, had hit her exactly where she was most vulnerable: She way being a hypocrite, there seemed no way to avoid that, and deeply, sheathed within her and hateful, was the knowledge that one of the reasons she had gone to Miss Desjardin's hour of calisthenics and sweating runs around the gym Floor had nothing to do with nobility. She wasn't going to miss her last Spring Ball for anything. Not for anything. Tommy was nowhere in sight. She began to walk back toward the school, her stomach churning unhappily, Little Miss Sorority, Suzy Creemcheese, The Nice Girl who only does It with the boy she plans to marry – with the proper Sunday supplement coverage, of course. Two kids. Beat the living shit out of them if they show any signs of honesty; screwing, fighting, or refusing to grin each time some mythic honcho yelled frog. Spring Ball. Blue gown. Corsage kept all the afternoon in the fridge. Tommy in a white dinner jacket, cummerbund, black pants, black shoes. Parents taking photos posed by the living-room sofa with Kodak Starflashes and Polaroid Big-Shots. Crepe masking the stark gymnasium girders. Two bands: one rock, one mellow. No fifth wheels need apply. Mortimer Snurd, please keep out. Aspiring country club members and future residents of Kleen Korners only. The tears finally came and she began to run. From The Shadow Exploded (p. 60): The following excerpt is from a letter to Donna Kellogg from Christine Hargensen. The Kellogg girl moved from Chamberlain to Providence, Rhode Island, in the fall of 1978. She was apparently one of Chris Hargensen's few close friends and a confidante. The letter is postmarked May 17,1979: ‘So I'm out of the Prom and my yellow-guts father says he won't give them what they deserve. But they're not going to get away with it. I don't know what exactly I'm going to do yet but I guarantee you everyone is going to get a big fucking surprise . . .' It was the seventeenth. May seventeenth. She crossed the, day off the calendar in her room as soon as she slipped into her long white nightgown. She crossed off each day as it passed with a heavy black felt pen, and she supposed it expressed a very bad attitude toward life. She didn't really care. The only thing she really cared about was knowing that Momma was going to make her go back to school tomorrow and she would have to face all of Them. She sat down in the small Boston rocker (bought and paid for with her own money) beside the window, closed her eyes, and swept Them and all the clutter of her conscious thoughts from her mind. It was like sweeping a floor. Lift the rug of your subconscious mind and sweep all the dirt under. Good-bye. She opened her eyes. She looked at the hairbrush on her bureau. Flex. She was lifting the hairbrush. It was heavy. It was like lifting a barbell with very weak arms. Oh. Grunt. The hairbrush slid to the edge of the bureau, slid out past the point where gravity should have toppled it, and then dangled, as if on an invisible string. Carrie's eyes had closed to slits. Veins pulsed in her temples. A doctor might have been interested in what her body was doing at that instant; it made no rational sence. Respiration had fallen to sixteen breaths per minute. Blood pressure up to 190/100. Heartbeat up to 140 – higher than astronauts under the heavy g-load of lift-off. Temperature down to 94.3. Her body was burning energy that seemed to be coming from nowhere and seemed to be going nowhere. An electroencephalogram would have shown alpha waves that were no longer waves at all, but great, jagged spikes. She let the hairbrush down carefully. Good. Last night she had dropped it. Lose all your points, go to jail. She closed her eyes again and rocked. Physical functions began to revert to the norm; her respiration speeded until she was nearly panting. The rocker had a slight squeak. Wasn't annoying, though. Was soothing. Rock, rock. Clear your mind. ‘Carrie?' Her mother's voice, slightly disturbed, floated up. (she's getting interference like the radio when you turn on the blender good good) ‘Have you said your prayers, Carrie?' ‘I'm saying them,' she called back. Yes. She was saying them, all right. She looked at her small studio bed. Flex. Tremendous weight. Huge. Unbearable. The bed trembled and then the end came up perhaps three inches. It dropped with a crash. She waited, a small smile playing about her lips, for Momma to call upstairs angrily. She didn't. So Carrie got up, went to her bed. and slid between the cool sheets. Her head ached and she felt giddy, as she always did after these exercise sessions. Her heart was pounding in a fierce, scary way. She reached over, turned off the light, and lay back. No pillow. Momma didn't allow her a pillow. She thought of imps and families and witches. (am i a witch momma the devil's whore) riding through the night, souring milk, overturning butter chums, blighting crops while They huddled inside their houses with hex signs scrawled on Their doors. She closed her eyes, slept, and dreamed of huge, living stones crashing through the night, seeking out Momma, seeking out Them. They were trying to run, trying to hide. But the rock would not hide them; the dead tree gave no shelter. From My Name is Susan Snell, by Susan Snell (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), pp. i-iv: There's one thing no one has understood about what happened in Chamberlain on Prom Night. The press hasn't understood it, the scientists at Duke University haven't understood it, David Congress hasn't understood it – although his The Shadow Exploded is probably the only half-decent book written on the subject – and certainly The White Commission, which used me as a handy scapegoat, did not understand it. This one thing is the most fundamental fact: We were kids. Carrie was seventeen, Chris Hargensen was seventeen, I was seventeen, Tommy Ross was eighteen, Billy Nolan (who spent a year repeating the ninth grade, presumably before he learned how to shoot his cuffs during examinations) was nineteen †¦ Older kids react in more socially acceptable ways than younger kids, but they still have a way of making bad decisions, of over-reacting, or underestimating. In the first section which follows this introduction I must show these tendencies in myself as well as I am able. Yet the matter which I am going to discuss is at the root of my involvement in Prom Night, and if I am to clear my name, I must begin by recalling scenes which I find particularly painful †¦ I have told this story before, most notoriously before The White Commission, which received it with incredulity. In the wake of two hundred deaths and the destruction of an entire town, it is so easy to forget one thing. We were kids. We were kids. We were kids trying to do our best †¦ ‘You must be crazy.' He blinked at her, not willing to believe that he had actually heard it. They were at his house, and the television was on but forgotten. His mother had gone over to visit Mrs Klein across the street His father was in the cellar workroom making a bird-house. Sue looked uncomfortable but determined. ‘Ifs the way I want it, Tommy.' ‘Well, it's not the way I want it. I think ifs the craziest goddam thing I ever heard. Like something you might do on a bet.' Her face tightened. ‘Oh? I thought you were the one doing the big speeches the other night. But when it comes to putting your money where your big fat mouth ‘Wait, whoa.' He was unoffended, grinning. I didn't say no, did I? Not yet, anyway.' ‘YOU ?C'

Pride and Prejudice: Mr Wickham Essay

In the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, written by Jane Austen, there are many different characters, each with their own roles to play in order for the story to reach its final product. Among these many characters is George Wickham. Though generally brushed off as a minor character, George Wickham plays a vital role in the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy. Through both his lies and his amatory adventures, Wickham is the source of both Elizabeth’s loathing and love for Mr Darcy. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth’s opinion of Mr Wickham changes dramatically. For the first half of the novel, Elizabeth adores Wickham and believes him to be the perfect gentleman. He achieves this high appraisal mainly through his false recount of his previous affairs with Mr Darcy, saying of Darcy â€Å"It is wonderful, for almost all his actions may be traced to pride; and pride has often been his best friend. It has connected him nearer with virtue than with any other feeling† (page 75). The false recount of Wickham’s affairs with Fitzwilliam Darcy confirms Elizabeth’s previous opinions of Darcy, which she presents through saying: ‘I have spent four days in the same house with him and I think him very disagreeable† (page 71). She is lead to believe that Darcy reserves only the slightest acknowledgement of anyone but his closest friends and family – the people of his class. Wickham however appears, to Elizabeth, to be quite the opposite of Darcy and she thinks of him that whatever he says is said well and whatever he does is done gracefully (page 77). The dramatic antitheses between each man’s personalities highlight the gentlemanlike poise of Wickham, making him the more attractive of the two. What then changes Elizabeth’s attractions to Mr Wickham, is the discovery of his previous amatory adventures. Wickham was involved in three amatory adventures, mentioned throughout the course of ‘Pride and Prejudice’. The first of these escapades was his failed elopement with Georgiana Darcy. This played a vital role in Darcy’s opinion of Mr Wickham and eventually led to Elizabeth’s realisation of Wickham’s true character as well. Elizabeth’s opinion of Wickham’s past with Georgiana is apparent toward the end of the novel, when she says to Mr Darcy ‘†¦that I might have prevented it! I, who knew what he was’ (page 236) Wickham’s second adventure was very short lived and is often overlooked. It was his attempt at marrying Miss King who, according to Elizabeth, is a good sort of girl and the inheritor of her Grandfather’s fortune (page 134). This escapade is significant as it slightly shapes Elizabeth’s opinions and affections towards Mr Wickham. Where she once thought of him as a possible husband, after this escapade, she says to her aunt, ‘I am now convinced†¦ that I had never been in love’ (page 132) His final and most significant of his adventures was Wickham’s elopement with Lydia Bennet. This elopement is very significant as it shapes Elizabeth’s opinions of both Wickham and Darcy, greatly. Elizabeth was frightened when she heard of Wickham’s failed elopement with Georgiana and when he runs away with Lydia, her fright elevates to utter disgust and loathing. When, however, she finds out Darcy’s part in the whole affair, Austen hints of disappointment from Elizabeth, that she had treated him so impartially. Elizabeth is really made to think about these two men before her, each so different in both personality and in appearance and she begins to find it easier to see the good in Darcy and her affections toward him heighten. This is shown at the end of the novel when Elizabeth sees Darcy again and thinks to herself, ‘A man who has one been refused. How could I be foolish enough to expect a renewal of his love? ’ (Page 290) It is not just the results of Wickham’s elopement with Lydia, however, that makes Elizabeth rethink her answer to Darcy’s previous sentiments. The extreme difference in character of the two men also highlights Darcy’s integrity. The extreme differences in Wickham’s and Darcy’s personalities are the source of Elizabeth’s feelings towards them both. At the start of the novel, Wickham’s natural manners and easy going nature highlight the pride and arrogance of Mr Darcy. Darcy tries to explain his awkward personality to Elizabeth, saying; ‘We neither of us perform to strangers’ (page 153). Elizabeth however is taken by Wickham’s cordiality and brushes Darcy off. Towards the end of the book however, events change and the two men swap personalities completely. Wickham’s evident greed and self-centredness is then highlighted by Darcy’s change in air. Austen highlights Darcy’s personality change through his conversations with the Gardiners. Mrs Gardiner says of Darcy; ‘But how come you told us he was so disagreeable†¦ he has not an ill-natured look. On the contrary, there is something pleasing about his mouth when he speaks’ (page 219). For a long time, Wickham’s pleasant nature caught Elizabeth up in prejudice and she avoided Darcy’s ill-natured countenance. Her prejudice however, dissipated when she saw both men’s true personalities and the dramatic difference between Darcy’s air made Elizabeth rethink her opinion of him and her affections towards him heightened greatly. It was because of Wickham that these changes in Darcy were so conspicuous. In conclusion, Wickham played a vital role in the relationship of Elizabeth and Mr Darcy. At the start of the book, through his lies and manipulations, Wickham confirms Elizabeth’s loathing of Mr Darcy. By the end of the book however, Mr Wickham has unconsciously changed Elizabeth’s opinions of Mr Darcy through the results of his three amatory adventures and through the obvious change in Darcy’s countenance – highlighted by Wickham’s poor qualities.